Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical Evaluation of Marsilea quadrifolia L. Leaves

Abstract

Marsilea quadrifolia L., commonly known as water clover or pepperwort, is an aquatic fern of significant ecological, medicinal, and nutritional importance. Widely used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3,000 years, it is traditionally employed in the treatment of skin diseases, bronchitis, diabetes, mental disorders, eye conditions, diarrhea, and cough. In addition to its therapeutic uses, it serves as a leafy green vegetable in several Asian countries. Botanically characterized by heterospory- a key evolutionary trait leading to seed development M. quadrifolia exhibits both sexual and vegetative reproduction, thriving in shallow, nutrient-rich aquatic habitats. Ecologically, it plays a vital role in wetland restoration and nutrient cycling, particularly in the phytoremediation of nitrogen-enriched waters. Although introduced to North America and widespread globally, the species is now classified as "Vulnerable" in the European Union Red List due to habitat loss, eutrophication, and modern agricultural practices. Despite its broad application in traditional medicine, limited studies exist on the phytochemical composition of the plant. The current investigation aims to identify and quantify key phytocompounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins in the leaves and stems of M. quadrifolia. Further research is essential to validate its medicinal properties and support conservation efforts.