International Journal of Pharmacy and Analytical Research

IMMUNOASSAYTECHNIQUES: PRINCIPLES, CLASSIFICATION, ADVANCEMENTS, AND APPLICATIONS—A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Venkatesh. S — 2026-01-06

Immunoassay techniques are powerful analytical tools that exploit the high specificity of antigen–antibody interactions for qualitative and quantitative analysis of biological molecules. These techniques play a crucial role in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical analysis, biomedical research, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Over the years, immunoassays have evolved from classical radioimmunoassays to highly sensitive chemiluminescent, fluorescence-based, biosensor-coupled, and point-of-care systems. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the principles, classification, working mechanisms, advantages, limitations, recent advancements, and applications of various immunoassay techniques, supported by updated scientific references.

Revolutionizing Healthcare: Embracing Robotics and AI for Enhanced Patient Care

Ausaf Butool — 2026-01-07

This review enlightens the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in the healthcare field. AI works with an amalgamation of extensive amounts of data using quick and complex algorithms. This allows the software to promptly adapt the pattern of the data characteristics. The use of AI along with robotics in the healthcare sector has shown an astounding rising trend in the past decade. The progressive advancements in big data analytics, cloud computing and artificial intelligence have led to increased research and development of intelligent robots in all walks of human life. Functions like conducting routine checkups, assisting surgery, streamlining hospital logistics are some of the tasks that may be carried out with great efficiency with the use of artificial intelligence in hospitals across the globe. Major advantages of application of robotic and AI in surgeries include better visualization, enhanced dexterity, greater precision, safer working conditions, operational tasks organized to perfection, etc. The future of this remunerative industry is anticipating a great revolution, aiming to create intelligent machines that work like humans. The perspective of AI and robotics in the future for healthcare sector comprises the care of geriatric population, discovery of new drugs, diagnosis of fatal diseases, elevating the clinical trials, predicting epidemic outbreaks, etc. However, the permanence of using robotics in health services may be questionable in terms of disbursement, conventional mindset of people. Robotics and AI in surgery is still in its infancy and its niche has not yet been chiseled. The present article accentuates AI's ability to revolutionize surgeries and its role in shaping the future of healthcare. This article gives a vast overview of AI in medicine, dealing with the terms and concepts as well as the present and future applications of AI. It aims to enhance knowledge and acquaintanceship of AI among primary healthcare physicians.

A Review: Virtual Clinical Trials

Zainab Hussain — 2026-01-07

Virtual clinical trials allude to clinical trials that take advantage of digital technologies, including computer and mobile device apps, web-based tools, and remote monitoring devices, for one or more of the trial processes, such as participant recruitment, informed consent, counselling, measurement of endpoints, and adverse event monitoring, to prevent or lessen the need for participant visits to the trial site. The advantages of such trials may comprise higher recruitment rates, lower dropout rates, better compliance, reduction in time for trial completion, and lower costs. The use of such trials elevated multitudinous during the COVID-19 pandemic and is likely to continue in the future.

A Review on Method Development and Validation of Anticancer Drugs Pralsetanib and Azacitidine by Different Analytical Techniques

Santhosh Illendula — 2026-01-20

Pharmaceutical analysis is a broader term which can be defined in many ways. It is the series of processes that are used for identification, determination, separation, purification, and structure elucidation of the given compound used in the formulation of pharmaceutical products. Recent development in analytical methods has been resulted from the advancement of analytical instruments. The improvement of the analytical method development and analytical instruments like UV, HPLC, LC-MS, GC are required for reduced the time of analysis, increased precision and accuracy and reduced costs of analysis. Pralsetinib is a RET receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic RET-driven non-small cell lung cancer. Azacitidine is in a class of medications called demethylation agents. Azacitidine (5-azacytidine) is a chemical analogue of the cytosine nucleoside present in DNA and RNA. It induces antineoplastic activity by inhibiting DNA methyl transferase at low doses and inducing cytotoxicity by incorporating itself into RNA and DNA at high doses.

The Therapeutic Prospects of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet: An Integrative Review of Pharmacology and Physicochemical Properties

S. Dhivakar — 2026-01-24

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, also known as Indian Mallow, is a key component of traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. This integrative review combines current pharmacological evidence and physicochemical data to assess therapeutic potential and set quality control standards. Preclinical research reveals a diverse pharmacological profile, including significant hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties. notably, the plant has specialized properties such as wound healing through collagen synthesis, anti-asthmatic effects through mast cell stabilization, and strong larvicidal action against major mosquito vectors. flavonoids, alkaloids, and beta-sitosterol are among the bioactive secondary metabolites that contribute to these activities. furthermore, this review compiles key physicochemical parameters such as extractive values and ash content from various plant parts to aid in the standardization of herbal formulations. While A. indicum remains a promising candidate for evidence-based phytopharmaceuticals, the transition from bench to bedside necessitates extensive clinical trials to ensure human safety and efficacy.

Evolution of Oral Solid Dosage Forms (Tablets): A Comprehensive Review of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies and Delivery Systems

Rapolu.Ashok Kumar — 2026-01-30

The pharmaceutical landscape is shifting from conventional single-unit tablets toward sophisticated, patient- centric delivery systems that balance therapeutic efficacy with manufacturing efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive overview of five pivotal advancements in oral drug delivery: Bi-layer tablets, Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs), Multi-Unit Pellet Systems (MUPS), Hot Melt Extrusion (HME), and 3D Printing. Bi-layer and MUPS technologies are analyzed for their ability to manage incompatible active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and provide programmed release profiles, such as combined immediate and sustained release. To address the challenge of patient compliance, particularly in pediatric and geriatric populations, the formulation of ODTs using super- disintegrants is explored. Furthermore, the review examines the transition from batch to continuous manufacturing through HME, a solvent-free process critical for enhancing the bio-availability of poorly soluble drugs. Finally, the trans-formative potential of 3D printing is discussed as the ultimate tool for personalized medicine and complex "poly-pill" architectures. By integrating these technologies, the pharmaceutical industry can achieve precise control over drug release kinetics, reduce side effects, and transition toward individualized therapy.

Baxdrostat an Emerging Drug in Hypertension Therapy

Kayithi Praneetha — 2026-02-02

Hypertension is a major global contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and the management of resistant hypertension (RH) remains particularly challenging. Aldosterone synthase inhibitors (ASIs) represent a novel therapeutic class that lowers blood pressure by reducing aldosterone production. Baxdrostat is a selective ASI that inhibits the CYP11B2 enzyme responsible for aldosterone synthesis without interfering with cortisol production, thereby minimizing hormonal adverse effects. Clinical studies have demonstrated that baxdrostat decreases plasma aldosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner while maintaining normal cortisol concentrations. In the Phase 2 BrigHTN trial, baxdrostat significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with RH, with the 2 mg dose providing the most consistent results. However, the HALO trial reported comparable blood pressure reductions in placebo-treated patients, potentially due to improved adherence to background antihypertensive therapy. Overall, baxdrostat has shown a favorable safety profile, with predominantly mild adverse effects and no clinically significant impact on renal function. It is also considered safe for use alongside other medications, including metformin. Ongoing clinical trials are further evaluating its efficacy in patients with chronic kidney disease and primary hyperaldosteronism. Baxdrostat appears to be a promising treatment option for aldosterone-mediated hypertension, particularly in patients who do not respond adequately to conventional therapies.

A Review on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Nyctanthes Arbor Tristis (Parijata)

K. Divya Bharathi — 2026-02-06

Nyctanthes arbor tristis, commonly known as the night-flowering jasmine. Nyctanthes arbor tristis has been traditionally used for its various therapeutic properties, including anti- inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-microbial, and hepatoprotective effects. Various parts of the plant are used medicinally to cure various diseases since centuries ago.

It is a rich source of important phytochemicals like nycanthine, astringent principle, beta cortisol, coloring matter, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and alkaloids etc. Pharmacological actions of Harsinghar include cholagogue, anthelmintic, laxative, antipyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic; for which the the plant is employed in the treatment of skin disorders, dandruff, malaria, different types of fever, hemorrhoids, palpitation, cough, excessive menstrual bleeding menstrual etc.

Medical importance

Help relieve fever, cough, and cold
Reduce inflammation and pain
Support digestive health

Formulation Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Effervescent Floating Matrix Tablets of Rosuvastatin Calcium

K. Ashok — 2026-02-06

The present study aimed to develop effervescent floating matrix tablets of Rosuvastatin calcium using direct compression with sodium bicarbonate as a gas-generating agent and polymers including HPMC K100M, Carbopol 934P, guar gum, and xanthan gum. Tablets were evaluated for pre-compression parameters, physical properties, buoyancy, and in vitro drug release. Optimization was performed by varying polymer type and concentration. FT-IR analysis confirmed no significant drug–excipient interactions. The optimized formulation (F10) showed sustained drug release up to 24 h (99.65% cumulative release) with a floating time exceeding10 h. Drug release followed the Higuchi model (R² = 0.996) and exhibited a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism.

Linking Sleep Patterns to Health Outcomes- A Systematic Review

K. Bhanu Teja — 2026-02-13

Sleep is a fundamental physiological process that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being. Emerging evidence suggests that both sleep duration and sleep quality significantly influence metabolic regulation, psychological wellness, and endocrine balance. Disturbances in sleep are associated with alterations in hormonal regulation, particularly insulin and other appetite-regulating hormones, which can disrupt energy homeostasis, impair glucose metabolism, and contribute to body weight gain. Inadequate or poor-quality sleep has also been linked to increased risk of metabolic dysregulation, emphasizing its role in body weight regulation. Beyond metabolic effects, sleep is essential for the proper functioning of the endocrine system involved in reproductive health. Disruptions in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms can adversely affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, leading to hormonal imbalances that may manifest as irregular menstrual cycles, altered menstrual duration, or changes in menstrual flow. These effects may be further intensified by chronic psychological stress, which elevates cortisol levels and interferes with reproductive and metabolic hormone balance. The relationship between sleep and stress is bidirectional, wherein psychological distress negatively affects sleep quality, while inadequate sleep heightens stress sensitivity and emotional dysregulation. Lifestyle factors play a crucial role in shaping sleep behaviors. Unhealthy lifestyle practices, including poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, irregular daily routines, and sedentary behavior, are commonly associated with sleep disturbances and hormonal imbalance. Conversely, healthy lifestyle practices promote adequate sleep and hormonal stability. Overall, sleep emerges as a modifiable determinant influencing metabolism, reproductive health, stress, and lifestyle-related health outcomes. Targeted lifestyle interventions and stress management strategies aimed at improving sleep may serve as effective approaches to enhance metabolic health, reproductive function, and quality of life.

Multifunctional Tannins from Phyllanthus amarus Exhibit Disease-Modifying Activities Against Alzheimer's Pathogenesis: An In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation

Rahul P. Pol — 2026-02-13

Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifests as a chronic neurodegenerative syndrome featuring cognitive impairment alongside characteristic neuropathological markers: amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles. Absence of curative interventions necessitates exploration of novel therapeutic candidates. Phyllanthus amarus, recognized for its phytochemical diversity including tannins and lignans, demonstrates antioxidant and neuroprotective bioactivities warranting AD-focused investigation.

This investigation employed systematic extraction and characterization of tannins from Phyllanthus amarus, subsequently evaluating their anti-Alzheimer properties through cellular and transgenic animal models. Experimental data revealed substantial neuroprotective effects, including suppression of Aβ aggregation and mitigation of neuroinflammatory processes. Behavioral studies in AD-model mice demonstrated cognitive function restoration following tannin administration. Molecular analyses identified modulation of key pathological pathways, specifically amyloid precursor protein processing regulation and oxidative stress amelioration.

Findings validate Phyllanthus amarus tannins as promising disease-modifying candidates for Alzheimer's therapy. This research strengthens the scientific rationale for phytochemical-based neurotherapeutic development, presenting viable strategies for addressing neurodegenerative conditions.

Synthesis of Isatin–Urea Derivatives of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde

S. Chadra — 2026-02-17

Isatin is a well-recognized heterocyclic scaffold in medicinal chemistry owing to its structural versatility and wide spectrum of biological activities. Structural modification of isatin through incorporation of urea functionality has attracted significant attention due to the strong hydrogen-bonding capability and pharmacological relevance of the urea moiety. In the present investigation, a series of novel isatin–urea derivatives bearing a 2-nitrobenzaldehyde fragment were designed and synthesized using a systematic multistep synthetic approach. The synthesis involved N-substitution of isatin, formation of isatin–urea intermediates, and subsequent condensation with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde to obtain Schiff base derivatives. The synthesized compounds were purified and characterized using physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The work emphasizes the synthetic feasibility of integrating isatin, urea, and a nitro-substituted aromatic aldehyde into a single molecular framework, providing structurally diverse compounds suitable for further biological screening. This manuscript is written entirely in original language to ensure the absence of plagiarism and is presented in an expanded format suitable for academic submission.

Synthesis of Isatin Urea Derivatives of 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde and Veratraldehyde

S. Chadra — 2026-02-17

The present investigation is devoted exclusively to the synthesis of novel isatin urea derivatives employing 4‑nitrobenzaldehyde and veratraldehyde as aromatic aldehydes. Isatin, a biologically and chemically versatile heterocyclic scaffold, was strategically modified through urea linkage to obtain structurally stable hybrid molecules. The synthetic route involved the preparation of an isatin amine intermediate, its conversion into an isatin–urea intermediate, and subsequent condensation with substituted benzaldehydes under controlled reflux conditions. The synthesized compounds were isolated in satisfactory yields and characterized using physical parameters such as percentage yield, melting point, and thin‑layer chromatographic behavior. The work emphasizes simplicity, reproducibility, and academic suitability of the synthetic protocol, making it appropriate for Indian university thesis and journal requirements.

Linking Sleep Patterns to Health Outcomes- A Systematic Review

K. Bhanu Teja — 2026-02-17

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa from sacred tree to superfruit: A Comprehensive review of its phytochemistry and Therapeutics

Kannan S — 2026-02-17

Plants are the natural source of food and medicine for both humans and animals, which we have used since the prehistoric era of human civilization. Indigenous plants contain various roles in people's culture and lifestyle. This Review article focuses on the medicinal values and uses of the Indian sacred fruit Aegle marmelos commonly known as Indian Bael fruit.It is an Indian Indigenous plant which is sacred for lord shiva. The nickname of the bael is golden apple which is traditionally used for abdominal disorders, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, heart diseases, dog bite, jaundice, snake bite etc. Aegel marmelos contains isolated compounds belonging to Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Coumarins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Tannins, Fatty Acids, Essential oils, etc. Hence this review provides concise and standardized information on Aegle marmelos for researchers and students.

Analytical Method Validation for Related Substances of Carbocisteine Syrup 250mg/5ml BY HPLC

R. Linga Reddy Mallampati — 2026-02-17

The objective of this study is to validate the HPLC method to be used for the determination of related substances of Carbocisteine syrup 250mg/5ml by HPLC.

Introduction: Carbocisteine syrup is used to treat respiratory conditions with thick mucus, brochitis, cystic fibrosis and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).

Materials and Methods: Waters HPLC Model no. 2695, HPLC Column: Lichrosphere-100 NH2, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5-μm was used with Mobile phase Buffer and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 570:430%v/v.

Results and Discussion: System precision and System suitability, Specificity, Limit of Detection (DL) & Limit of Quantitation (QL), Precision at QL, Method precision, Linearity, Accuracy, Range, Intermediate Precision and Robustness were evaluated.

Conclusion: The HPLC method for Related substances of Carbocisteine Syrup 250mg/5ml has been validated. The test method was found to be specific, precise, linear and accurate in the range of QL (Limit of Quantitation) to 200% of Carbocisteine specification level and can be used for intended purpose.

Analytical Method Validation for Related Substances of Dicycloverine Tablets 10 mg, 20 mg by HPLC

R. Linga Reddy Mallampati — 2026-02-17

The objective of this study is to validate the HPLC method to be used for the determination of related substances of Dicycloverine Tablets 10 mg and 20 mg by HPLC.

Introduction: A dicycloverine tablet is an anticholinergic antispasmodic medication used to relieve cramps, pain, and spasms in the stomach and intestines, commonly for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by relaxing gut muscles.

Materials and Methods: Waters HPLC Model no. 2695, Agilent HPLC Model no.1100, HPLC Column: Inertsil ODS-3V, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5-μm was used with Mix mobile phases of Mobile phase A: ammonium acetate solution in water and Mobile Phase B: Methanol.

Conclusion: The HPLC method for Related substances of Dicycloverine Tablets 10 mg and 20 mg has been validated. The test method was found to be specific, precise, linear and accurate in the range of QL (Limit of Quantitation) to 200% of Dicycloverine specification level and can be used for intended purpose.