International Journal of Pharmacy and Analytical Research

The Role of Laser Technology in Urolithiasis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Technique

Abinaya. R — 2025-07-03

Urinary stone development (urolithiasis) is a common illness that presents substantial therapeutic problems. Laser technology has become a major breakthrough in the treatment of urolithiasis during the last few decades. An overview of laser treatment modalities is given in this abstract, with particular attention to their usefulness, safety, and position in contemporary urological practice. Treatment options catered to different kinds and sizes of stones have increased with the introduction of various laser technologies, such as the neodymium (ND), holmium (HO), and thulium lasers. In particular, laser has become widely accepted because of its greater capacity to efficiently break down both soft and hard stones. It breaks apart stones in the urinary tract because it works at a wavelength that water can readily absorb. By using a flexible fibre to administer laser energy endoscopically, the process targets stones directly while causing the least amount of tissue damage possible. Clinical research indicates that, in comparison to conventional techniques like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), laser lithotripsy delivers high rates of stone-free outcomes, decreased postoperative pain, and shortened recovery periods. Laser lithotripsy has drawbacks in spite of its benefits. It involves certain tools and knowledge, and there is a chance of consequences including bleeding or ureteral damage. Furthermore, accessibility may be impacted by financial factors and the requirement for additional training. In summary, laser treatment for urolithiasis offers improved precision and efficacy in stone management, marking a substantial development in urological care. It is projected that future research and technical advancements will further hone these methods, improving results and expanding their range of applications.

Formulation and in-Vitro Evaluation of Gefitinib Nano-Sponges

Maaz Bin Ali — 2025-07-09

In this study, nano-sponges were prepared using the solvent evaporation technique and subsequently formulated into a gel form of Gefitinib. The Nano sponge formulations were prepared by solvent evaporation method employing β Cyclodextrin Ethyl Cellulose and poloxamer rate retarding polymers using PVA as a co polymer. The compatibility of the drug with formulation components was established by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology, production yield, and drug entrapment efficiency of nano-sponges were examined. The shape and surface morphology of the nano-sponges were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the Nano-sponges. SEM photographs revealed the spherical nature of the nano-sponges in all variations; however, at higher ratios, drug crystals were observed on the nano-sponge surface. Increase in the drug/polymer ratio (1:1 to 1:2), which is in increasing order due to the increase in the concentration of polymer, but after a certain concentration, it was observed that as the ratio of drug to polymer was increased, the particle size decreased. The particle size was found in the range of 200-500 nm. The entrapment efficiency of different formulations is found in the range of 92.53 to 98.54%. The in vitro release studies revealed that the formulation with a higher concentration of penetration enhancer showed greater drug release.

Formulation and Evaluvation of Plectranthusamboinicus Ethanolic Extract Based Herbal Lip Balm

Muthamizharasi. C — 2025-07-13

The current research focused on designing and assessing a herbal lip balm with the ethanolic extract of Plectranthusamboinicus, a medicinal herb that has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The product was prepared based on natural products including beeswax, coconut oil, almond oil, aloe vera gel, vitamin E, and vanilla essence. Maceration using 95% ethanol was applied to the plant material to achieve the active extract. Three formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were developed in which the ratio of base ingredients was changed while the concentration of the active extract was kept constant. The formulations were tested for the important physicochemical parameters such as organoleptic properties, pH, melting point, water content, spreadability, and skin irritation. The findings revealed that the formulations all had a smooth texture, good fragrance, and maximum spreadability. pH values of 6.5 to 7.0 corresponded to the physiological pH of lips, thus ensuring minimal irritation. Formulation melting points of 66–68°C assured thermal stability during routine storage conditions. No irritation was seen during lip irritation tests. F1 among the three had the best compromise between texture, stability, and acceptability to the user. The research concludes that the Plectranthusamboinicus herbal lip balm is a stable, non-irritating, and effective formula, providing a promising alternative to artificial lip care products.

Alzheimers Disease (Senile Dementia)

Ramanathi Bhargav — 2025-07-14

The term Alzheimer's disease was first used by Emil Kraepelin in 1910 to differentiate between presenile dementia and senile dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder that ultimately results in loss of independence and impaired cognitive function due to degeneration of brain cell. Although multifaceted in nature, AD is commonly categorized by cholinergic and amyloid theories. Several risk factors for the development of AD have been identified, and include but are not limited to age, genetics, prior head injuries, vascular disease, infections, and environment. At present, there are only two approved drugs for the treatment of AD, the cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. Research grants focused on understanding the pathology of AD, which targets the mechanisms such as the abnormal metabolism of tau protein, increased levels of β-amyloid, inflammation, and the cholinergic and free radical damage associated with each. Future hypotheses which could lead to new therapies include DMT (disease-modifying therapeutic), chaperones, and other natural compounds.