International Journal of Pharmacy and Analytical Research

The Role of Laser Technology in Urolithiasis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Technique

Abinaya. R, Karpagam Kumara Sundari. S — Thu, 03 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Urinary stone development (urolithiasis) is a common illness that presents substantial therapeutic problems. Laser technology has become a major breakthrough in the treatment of urolithiasis during the last few decades. An overview of laser treatment modalities is given in this abstract, with particular attention to their usefulness, safety, and position in contemporary urological practice. Treatment options catered to different kinds and sizes of stones have increased with the introduction of various laser technologies, such as the neodymium (ND), holmium (HO), and thulium lasers. In particular, laser has become widely accepted because of its greater capacity to efficiently break down both soft and hard stones. It breaks apart stones in the urinary tract because it works at a wavelength that water can readily absorb. By using a flexible fibre to administer laser energy endoscopically, the process targets stones directly while causing the least amount of tissue damage possible. Clinical research indicates that, in comparison to conventional techniques like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), laser lithotripsy delivers high rates of stone-free outcomes, decreased postoperative pain, and shortened recovery periods. Laser lithotripsy has drawbacks in spite of its benefits. It involves certain tools and knowledge, and there is a chance of consequences including bleeding or ureteral damage. Furthermore, accessibility may be impacted by financial factors and the requirement for additional training. In summary, laser treatment for urolithiasis offers improved precision and efficacy in stone management, marking a substantial development in urological care. It is projected that future research and technical advancements will further hone these methods, improving results and expanding their range of applications.

Marine Algae in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Review of Bioactive Components

Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marine algae, widely recognized as valuable marine resources, have gained increasing attention for their diverse bioactive compounds with therapeutic and cosmeceutical potential. Classified into green, brown, and red algae, they produce metabolites such as polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phlorotannins, which exhibit strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Key compounds like alginate, carrageenan, and phlorotannins plays vital role in wound healing, skin regeneration, and drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to enhance tissue repair. Alginates are extensively utilized in creams, gels, and biomedical patches for maintaining a moist wound environment and promoting healing. Carrageenans, derived from red algae, demonstrate antibacterial and photoprotective properties, making them suitable for cosmeceuticals and biomedical scaffolds. Phlorotannins from brown algae act as natural polyphenols with broad biological activities including UV protection and anti-aging effects, positioning them as promising ingredients in skincare formulations. Traditional uses of marine algae underscore their long-standing therapeutic significance, while modern research validates their application in advanced wound dressings, tissue regeneration, and controlled drug delivery. This review highlights marine algae as a sustainable and renewable source of innovative bioactive agents, presenting promising opportunities for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomedical industries in the development of safe, natural, and effective therapeutic solutions.

Formulation and in-Vitro Evaluation of Gefitinib Nano-Sponges

Maaz Bin Ali, Aukunuru Jitha — Wed, 09 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, nano-sponges were prepared using the solvent evaporation technique and subsequently formulated into a gel form of Gefitinib. The Nano sponge formulations were prepared by solvent evaporation method employing β Cyclodextrin Ethyl Cellulose and poloxamer rate retarding polymers using PVA as a co polymer. The compatibility of the drug with formulation components was established by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology, production yield, and drug entrapment efficiency of nano-sponges were examined. The shape and surface morphology of the nano-sponges were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the Nano-sponges. SEM photographs revealed the spherical nature of the nano-sponges in all variations; however, at higher ratios, drug crystals were observed on the nano-sponge surface. Increase in the drug/polymer ratio (1:1 to 1:2), which is in increasing order due to the increase in the concentration of polymer, but after a certain concentration, it was observed that as the ratio of drug to polymer was increased, the particle size decreased. The particle size was found in the range of 200-500 nm. The entrapment efficiency of different formulations is found in the range of 92.53 to 98.54%. The in vitro release studies revealed that the formulation with a higher concentration of penetration enhancer showed greater drug release.

Formulation and Evaluvation of Plectranthusamboinicus Ethanolic Extract Based Herbal Lip Balm

Sun, 13 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The current research focused on designing and assessing a herbal lip balm with the ethanolic extract of Plectranthusamboinicus, a medicinal herb that has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The product was prepared based on natural products including beeswax, coconut oil, almond oil, aloe vera gel, vitamin E, and vanilla essence. Maceration using 95% ethanol was applied to the plant material to achieve the active extract. Three formulations (F1, F2, and F3) were developed in which the ratio of base ingredients was changed while the concentration of the active extract was kept constant. The formulations were tested for the important physicochemical parameters such as organoleptic properties, pH, melting point, water content, spreadability, and skin irritation. The findings revealed that the formulations all had a smooth texture, good fragrance, and maximum spreadability. pH values of 6.5 to 7.0 corresponded to the physiological pH of lips, thus ensuring minimal irritation. Formulation melting points of 66–68°C assured thermal stability during routine storage conditions. No irritation was seen during lip irritation tests. F1 among the three had the best compromise between texture, stability, and acceptability to the user. The research concludes that the Plectranthusamboinicus herbal lip balm is a stable, non-irritating, and effective formula, providing a promising alternative to artificial lip care products.

Alzheimers Disease (Senile Dementia)

Ramanathi Bhargav, Tajuddin Shaik — Mon, 14 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The term Alzheimer's disease was first used by Emil Kraepelin in 1910 to differentiate between presenile dementia and senile dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder that ultimately results in loss of independence and impaired cognitive function due to degeneration of brain cell. Although multifaceted in nature, AD is commonly categorized by cholinergic and amyloid theories. Several risk factors for the development of AD have been identified, and include but are not limited to age, genetics, prior head injuries, vascular disease, infections, and environment. At present, there are only two approved drugs for the treatment of AD, the cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. Research grants focused on understanding the pathology of AD, which targets the mechanisms such as the abnormal metabolism of tau protein, increased levels of β-amyloid, inflammation, and the cholinergic and free radical damage associated with each. Future hypotheses which could lead to new therapies include DMT (disease-modifying therapeutic), chaperones, and other natural compounds.

Formulation and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Herbal Hand Sanitizer and Disinfectant Using Ethanolic Bark Extract of Acacia nilotica Linn

Fri, 18 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the formulation and in-vitro antimicrobial evaluation of herbal hand sanitizer and disinfectant utilizing the ethanolic bark extract of Acacia nilotica Linn. The bark extract was subjected to phytochemical screening to confirm the presence of bioactive compounds. Two distinct formulations, a hand sanitizer and a disinfectant spray, were developed and evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against common pathogens including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The formulations underwent physicochemical analysis, stability testing under varied conditions, and skin compatibility assessment. Both formulations exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with zones of inhibition comparable to standard antibiotics, suggesting the potential of A. nilotica as an eco-friendly and effective antimicrobial agent for hygiene applications.

Neem (Azadirachta indica): Comprehensive Review and Recent Advances in Plant and Seed Research

S. Kannan, J. Jenisha Mol, A. Jenova, P. Ramya — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Neem is naturally occurring pesticide that comes from the seed of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). Neem has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a cynosure of modern medicine. The Neem seed has been known for its unique properties, in improving the human health and wide range of pharmacological properties, especially as antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, antiulcer, anti-infective and antimicrobial properties. This tree has economic potential and continuous to be used worldwide. Extraction of essential neem oil from need seed was carried by soxhelt extraction method using different organic solvents and parameters. Neem oil extraction usually has three different ways; seeds, including… Mechanical pressing, Solvent extraction and Steam distillation. Other methods are used, Super critical fluid extraction (SFE), Microwave-assisted extraction (NA), Maceration, Cold extraction, Aqueous extraction etc... Neem seed kernels prior to their extraction for oil were pre-treated in single stage with different solvents, viz., isopropanol, acetone and ethanol in pure as well as in aqueous forms. The aqueous-ethanol (water: ethanol 15:85 V/V) was also employed for three stage counter-current pre-treatment of neem seeds kernels, which gave the best results. Soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35% using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60.40% volume proportion has 43.71% using ethanol 42.65 % and using methanol 42.89%. Mixture of ethanol and hexane gave admirable results. Additionally, present mostly in the seeds, leaves and other parts of the neem. The extracts are also beneficial for heart diseases, hepatitis, fungal infection, malaria, psoriasis and ulcer.

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in Modern Analytical Sciences: An Overview of Method Validation and Applications

Tue, 22 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a comprehensive overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a powerful hyphenated analytical technique that combines the separation capabilities of liquid chromatography with the detection and structural elucidation strengths of mass spectrometry. LC-MS has become indispensable across diverse fields such as pharmaceuticals, bioinformatics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze complex biological matrices. The article highlights the evolution of LC-MS, emphasizing its applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis, enabling rapid method development, and providing detailed molecular information. Key components of LC-MS include liquid chromatography systems comprising pumps, sample injectors, and columns along with mass spectrometers responsible for ionization, separation, and detection of analytes based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The article also discusses important parameters such as sensitivity, specificity, and the concepts of selectivity and specificity, essential for method validation. Additionally, the principles of chromatographic separation, the significance of the interaction between mobile and stationary phases, and the instrumental aspects including detection techniques are elaborated. Overall, LC-MS represents a significant advancement in analytical science, offering unparalleled performance in analyzing complex samples with precision, efficiency, and broad applicability across scientific disciplines.

Multifaceted Medicinal Potential of Abutilon Indicum: Ethnobotany to Evidence-Based Pharmacology

Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A plant belonging to the Malvaceae family, Abutilon indicum (Indian mallow) is widely found in tropical and subtropical areas and has long been used in a variety of traditional treatments. Its taxonomy, phytochemistry, ethnomedical applications, and wide range of pharmacological characteristics are discussed in the article below. Flavonoids (luteolin, quercetin), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, lupeol), essential oils, fatty acids, and phenolic acids are among the plant's many bioactive substances. Its leaves, roots, seeds, and fruits are used ethnomedically to treat conditions like arthritis, wounds, ulcers, and bronchitis. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antiarthritic, antifungal, wound-healing, larvicidal, antiulcer, anticancer, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and immunomodulatory qualities are all supported by pharmacological research. Additionally, the plant exhibits strong molecular activity in pathways like apoptotic signaling and PI3K-Akt, indicating its potential for managing chronic diseases

Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Diosgenin and Fisetin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations

Sat, 26 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Diosgenin and fisetin are important bioactive compounds with significant pharmaceutical applications. A simple, accurate, and cost-effective analytical method is needed for their simultaneous determination in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was developed using methanol as solvent and distilled water for dilution. Standard solutions were prepared and analyzed at their respective λmax values. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, ruggedness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The λmax for diosgenin and fisetin were found to be 210 nm and 360 nm, respectively. Linear relationships were established over concentration ranges of 1-5 μg/mL for diosgenin and 2-10 μg/mL for fisetin. The regression equations were y = 0.1865x + 0.0016 (r² = 0.9954) for diosgenin and y = 0.0944x + 0.0092 (r² = 0.9924) for fisetin. Recovery studies showed 99.67-100.13% for diosgenin and 99.93-100.37% for fisetin. The method demonstrated excellent precision with %RSD values less than 2% for all parameters. The developed UV spectrophotometric method is simple, accurate, precise, and suitable for routine quality control analysis of diosgenin and fisetin in pharmaceutical formulations.

Emerging Gel Technologies for Effective Transdermal Drug Delivery – A Review

Fri, 15 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The development of advanced gel systems for transdermal drug delivery has become a significant innovation in pharmaceutical sciences. These gel-based systems offer multiple advantages, including sustained and targeted drug release, enhanced skin permeability, improved drug stability, reduced systemic side effects, and better patient compliance. Various gel types, such as hydrogels, organogels, emulgels, and stimuli-responsive gels, are being actively researched due to their biocompatibility, ease of application, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Each type of gel is specifically tailored to match the physicochemical properties of the drug and therapeutic requirements, providing flexible treatment strategies for a wide range of medical and dermatological conditions. Among these, the composition of nanogels tailored to specific therapeutic needs offers promising solutions for effective and patient-friendly treatments in both medical and dermatological fields. Their high surface area, enhanced skin penetration, and controlled release capabilities make them ideal carriers for efficient and site-specific drug delivery. This review focuses on the various types of gels used in transdermal drug delivery and their unique physicochemical characteristics.

Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Madhuca Longifolia

Bandi Rajendar, D. Shibajyothi, N. Akhila, Amena Amreen, N.Vinay — Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, investigate the analgesic activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia animal models using Eddy's hot plate method. In which to explore the analgesic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia using Eddy's hot plate method. To compare the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia with the commonly used analgesic drug pentazocin. This study was conducted by using Eddy's hot plate method. A total of 12 Adult swis albino mice were grouped into four groups of 4 animals in each group. These groups were Group I: Control (normal saline), Group II: Standard (Pentazoicin, 3mg per kg) Group III: Ethanolic root extract of Leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia(200mg per kg) & Group IV: Ethanolic root extract of Leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia(400mg per kg). The reaction time was recorded at 0, 30, 60 & 90 minutes after injecting normal saline, standard drug, and extract. Result: The increase in mean reaction time of the extract was statistically significant (p< 0.0001) at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min compared to that of the control. There was less increase in the reaction time of 400 mg of Leaf extract of Madhuca longifoliain treated group compared to that of the pentazocin-treated group at 30 min & 60 min points. Based on above rseult discussion ,the present study was conclude that the analgesic activity of 400 mg of Leaf extract of Madhuca longifoliain was significantly more than that of the control group. Peak analgesic activity occurred at 60 and 90 minutes.

Green Gold on the Wall: Unveiling the Therapeutic Spectrum of Epipremnum aureum

Wed, 27 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

(Linden & Andre) Epipremnum aureum G.S. Bunting is a perennial climbing vine that belongs to the Araceae family and is prized for both its decorative and therapeutic qualities. Its phytochemical makeup, pharmacognostical properties, and a variety of pharmacological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, antioxidant, and anti-arthritic effects, are all examined in this study. A variety of solvents, including methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and acetone, were used to make extracts of various plant sections, which were then screened for phytochemicals both qualitatively and quantitatively. To discover bioactive chemicals, sophisticated analytical methods such as GC-MS, FTIR, and UV-VIS spectroscopy were used. Significant biological activity were found in both in vitro and in vivo tests, especially in methanol and aqueous extracts. The findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of E. aureum and bolster traditional ethnomedicinal claims, indicating the need for more research on its isolation and creation of innovative herbal formulations.

Herbal Formulation Standardization

Sethuramani A, Punitha M, Muhila S, Manikandan M, Sebatini Sinsi A, Gunamathi G — Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rapid advancements in analytical technologies, such as mass spectrometry and DNA barcoding, have transformed the landscape of quality control in other industries, yet their integration into herbal medicine quality assessment has been sporadic and inconsistent. We propose the utilization of molecular fingerprinting techniques, such as DNA bar-coding and metabolic, to authenticate herbal ingredients. The efficacy of herbal medications depends on the presence and concentration of active compounds. Quality control processes should focus on establishing standardized procedures for sourcing, processing, and formulating herbal ingredients.

Kidney Stone Disease in the Modern Era: From Ancient Origins to Precision Medicine

Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Urolithiasis, a disorder characterised by the development of stones in the urinary tract, is still a major global health concern and is becoming more common, especially in developed countries and areas known as the "stone belt." The historical development, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic developments, therapeutic approaches, side effects, and preventative measures associated with urolithiasis are all thoroughly examined in this review. The majority of calcium oxalate and phosphate stones are caused by a complex etiology that includes genetic predispositions, anatomical abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and dietary practices. In order to improve diagnosis and treatment planning, diagnostic techniques have advanced from traditional radiography to high-resolution modalities, including dual-energy CT and non-contrast CT. The three main components of preventive strategies are metabolic evaluation, medication intervention, and lifestyle change. Artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, gene editing, and phytotherapy are the main areas of current research. Through their bioactive phytoconstituents, traditional medicinal plants, including Bergenia ligulata and Phyllanthus niruri, have shown their potential in antilithiatic action. In addition to highlighting potential future avenues for better care and prevention of recurrent stone disease, this study emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach.

Method Development and Validation of Anti-cancer and Anti-viral Drugs by Hyphenated Techniques: A Comprehensive Review

Thota Manasa, Kumaraswamy Gandla — Sun, 31 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The development and validation of analytical methods play a pivotal role in pharmaceutical research, especially in the domain of anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs, where precision, sensitivity, and reproducibility are crucial. These therapeutic classes present unique analytical challenges due to their structural complexity, instability, and diverse pharmacokinetic profiles. Hyphenated techniques, combining separation and detection technologies, have emerged as indispensable tools for overcoming these analytical barriers. Techniques such as LC-MS/MS, GC-MS, LC-NMR, and LC-FTIR provide superior selectivity, structural elucidation, and sensitivity compared to traditional methodologies. This review explores the principles, applications, and advancements of hyphenated techniques in the method development and validation of anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs. The manuscript discusses regulatory requirements, validation parameters, bioanalytical considerations, and the comparative analysis of these drug categories. Furthermore, it highlights recent innovations, including automation, miniaturization, and green chemistry approaches, offering insights into the future of pharmaceutical analysis and its alignment with personalized medicine. By presenting case studies and critical evaluations, this review provides a detailed understanding of the current landscape and future prospects of hyphenated techniques in pharmaceutical analysis

Development of New Simple, Sensitive, Accurate and Economical Analytical for the Quantitative Determination of Sitagliptin and Simvastatin in Pure Form and its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

K. Srivani, M. Bhaskar, N. Sanhya Rani, G.Bhavai — Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sitagliptin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. It stimulates insulin release and reduces glucagon level by inhibition of inactivation of the incretin a glucose-dependant manner. In 2013 it was the second best-selling drug in the U.S. This review explores the reported analytical methods so far in the literature for the estimation of Sitagliptin as we as Simvastatin in bulk drug, pharmaceutical formulations and in biological matrix. This assessment encompasses various analytical methods such as spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography for the estimation of Sitagliptin and Simvastatin in single and/or in combination.

Market Available Herbal Antioxidant in Cosmetics

Vigneshwaran.L.V, Nivetha Sri.S, Krithika.G, Sopiya.S — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The potential of herbal antioxidants to shield the skin from oxidative stress, premature aging, and environmental damage has made them essential ingredients in contemporary cosmetic compositions. Commonly used in skincare and hair care products are commercially available herbal extracts including green tea (Camellia sinensis), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and grape seed (Vitis vinifera), rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis), neem extract (Azadirachta Indicia), aloevera (Aloe barbadenis). Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins found in these natural antioxidants help to protect skin by scavenging free radicals. These compounds have been effectively marketed by companies such as Lotus Botanicals, Himalaya Herbals, Forest Essentials, and The Body Shop in lotions, creams, face serums, and sunscreens. The chemical makeup, modes of action, and cosmetic uses of herbal antioxidants that are currently on the market are highlighted in this article. The review examines the botanical name, benefits, and current trends of the herbal antioxidants that are often used in cosmetics, including anti-aging creams, serums, sunscreen, moisturizers and more.

Future ICPMS - Advanced Dilution System Impact on Analytical Errors

Ravisankar.M, S. Alexandar, R. Senthil Kumar, P. Nataraj, G. Ashley Joanna — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Analytical techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) can examine biological fluid components at trace levels. Although some labs still use out-dated techniques such as atomic absorption and emission, there has been a steady shift in favour of ICP-MS, particularly in the last ten years. One of the primary causes of the extremely high sensitivity of ICP-MS is the fact that most naturally occurring elements are at least 75% ionised at ordinary plasma conditions. Dilution errors are a frequent issue that arises in a variety of contexts, such as ordinary life, chemical analysis, and laboratory testing. It describes the erroneous assessment or measurement of a substance's concentration brought on by sample dilution. There are several reasons why this error can happen, including poor technique, limited equipment, or human error. Agilent Technologies created the auto dilution system (ADS-2) in the ICPMS to prevent manual dilution falls.

Nanopartices With Zinc Based Nanomedicine Aprocheseswith Nanoparticle in Prostate Cancer Therapy

Vigneshwaran L.V, Dhamodara Prasad, Vasikaran.M, Thulsai ram .S, Pradheep.C — Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Prostate cancer remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising avenue for cancer management. Among the various nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn ONPs) have gained attention due to their unique properties and potential applications in prostate cancer treatment. Elevated zinc levels appear to have a protective effect against prostate cancer, while zinc concentrations are significantly lower in prostate cancer tissues compared to healthy prostate tissue, suggesting zinc's important physiological role in the prostate and its potential as a preventive or therapeutic agent. The normal prostate accumulates high levels of zinc, which is essential for inhibiting specific metabolic pathways and supporting normal glandular function. Multiple studies have shown a marked reduction (around 60–80%) in prostate tissue zinc levels in cancerous tissue compared to benign or healthy tissue. Zinc inhibits citrate oxidation in the prostate, affecting energy metabolism in the cell. Loss of zinc accumulation (through decreased transporter activity, such as ZIP1) is observed in prostate cancer cells, enabling tumor progression by facilitating altered metabolism and growth. Zinc also has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects, including the activation of specific cell signaling pathways that suppress tumor growth. High dietary zinc intake and tissue zinc levels are correlated with reduced prostate cancer risk and mortality. However, excessive long-term supplementation may increase the risk of aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Monitoring and possibly restoring zinc homeostasis in prostate tissue could be considered as part of strategies for prostate cancer prevention or therapy, but further large-scale studies are warranted.

A Review on Medicinal Uses of Ocimum Tenuiflorum Linn (Tulsi)

Vigneshwaran L.V, Dhamodara Prasad, Thulasiram .S, Vasikaran .M, Pradheep.C — Sat, 06 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tulasi, also known as Indian basil, is a member of the Lamiaceae family and regarded as one of the most effective herbs for treating various conditions. Its pharmacological properties have been described as being able to boost immunity, lower stress levels, and treat gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments. Formulations of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn include tulasi capsules, tulasi drops, tulasi powder, tulasi ras, dried leaves, tulasi green tea, and tulasi seed balls.

Seed to Standard: A Pharmacognostical Insight into Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet for Herbal Quality Control

Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, commonly known as Indian mallow or Atibala, holds significant value in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda for its therapeutic properties. Despite its historical use, particularly of the seeds, comprehensive pharmacognostical documentation remains limited. This study presents a detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of A. indicum seeds, including macroscopic, microscopic, and powder analyses. Macroscopic observation identified the seeds as reniform, hairy, brownish-black, with a characteristic odor and bitter taste. Microscopic examinations revealed diagnostic features such as multicellular hooked trichomes, a lignified palisade layer in the testa, starch-rich cotyledons with cluster crystals, and developing vascular tissue in the radicle. Powder microscopy confirmed the presence of oil globules, cluster crystals, starch grains, and trichomes. These diagnostic characteristics aid in the accurate identification, authentication, and standardization of the seeds, supporting their safe inclusion in herbal preparations and contributing to pharmacopeial quality standards.

Marine Algae in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Review of Bioactive Components

Yashaswini K, Mithra K C, Sugavanam S, Ponmadasamy M, Vigneshwaran L V — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Synthetic to Natural Alternative for Antioxidants in Cosmetic

Vigneshwaran L.V, Krithika G., Nivetha sri S., Sopiya S. — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Antioxidants are crucial ingredients in cosmetic formulations because they shield the skin from environmental harm and stop ingredients from degrading oxidatively. Because of their efficacy and affordability, synthetic antioxidants including tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) have been used traditionally. However, as concerns about their potential toxicity, allergic reactions, and long-term impacts increase, there is now growing interest in natural alternatives. With an emphasis on plant-based substances like polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, and natural vitamins, this review examines the transition in the cosmetics industry from synthetic to natural antioxidants. Green tea, turmeric, rosemary, pomegranate, and grape seed are among the botanicals that are emphasized for their skin-improving properties and antioxidant effectiveness. The article promotes a safer, more sustainable approach in cosmetic science by going over the mechanisms, benefits, and formulation challenges of using natural antioxidants.

Herbal Approaches to Hypertension Management: A Review of Phytotheraphy

Abinesh E., Padmavathi M., Thrisha S., Ponmadasamy M., Vigneshwaran L.V — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The effectiveness of several phyto-therapeutic approaches in treating hypertension, a major cause of cardiovascular disease and death globally, is investigated in this systematic review. Many cultures continue to rely heavily on traditional medicine, especially in developing nations where the prevalence of hypertension is rising. This essay addresses how phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols, flavonoids and carotenoids, which are present in plants like celery (Apium graveolens) and garlic (Allium sativum), might regulate blood pressure. In order to shed light on these natural compounds' antihypertensive qualities, the review summarizes evidence from experimental trials. It emphasizes how these compounds work by improving endothelial function and having antioxidant effects. Furthermore, the study describes the chemical components of many medicinal plants and their therapeutic uses, highlighting the possibility of creating natural antihypertensive drugs.

The Silent Killer: A Comprehensive Guide to Hypertension

Padmavathi M., Abinesh E., Thrisha S., Ponmadasamy M., Vigneshwaran L.V — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A major global health concern, hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is thought to be responsible for 7.1 million deaths per year. This study offers a thorough analysis of hypertension, outlining its types, causes, symptoms, prevalence and complications. The study examines the various factors that contribute to high blood pressure, such as genetics, lifestyle choices and comorbid conditions and distinguishes between primary and secondary hypertension. The study highlights the value of dietary and lifestyle adjustments in prevention and treatment, in addition to pharmaceutical interventions like calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors and diuretics. By highlighting its function as a prelude to serious cardiovascular events, this study calls for proactive approaches to blood pressure monitoring and management.

Review on Pharmacognostical phytochemical and pharmacogenetic activity of Heliotropium Species

Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Heliotropium species, belonging to the Boraginaceae family, comprise a diverse group of medicinal plants widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Traditionally, various species have been used for treating wounds, inflammation, respiratory ailments, and skin infections. Pharmacognostical studies reveal distinct morphological and anatomical features useful for species identification and authentication. Phytochemical investigations have identified the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and notably, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These compounds contribute to demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities in preliminary pharmacological studies. However, the widespread presence of hepatotoxic PAs poses serious safety concerns. Pharmacogenetic research highlights the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in bioactivating these alkaloids, emphasizing individual variability in susceptibility to toxicity. This dual nature of therapeutic potential and toxic risk necessitates caution in medicinal use and calls for deeper exploration into isolating safe bioactive compounds. This review consolidates current knowledge on the pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacogenetic aspects of Heliotropium species, and underscores the need for further research focused on safety, efficacy, and potential pharmaceutical applications.

Natural Antioxidants in Cosmetic Formulations: Efficiency, Challenge and Future Prospects

Vigneshwaran.L.V, Sopiya. S, Nivetha Sri. S, Krithika G — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The word "antioxidant" alone is magical. The race to discover the newest and most potent combination of free-radical scavenging substances is underway, with the antioxidant concept serving as a leading idea in suggested mechanisms for preventing so-called "free-radical" processes. We must admit that these "radicals" have been proven to harm all biological components, including proteins, carbohydrates, unsaturated lipids, DNA/RNA, and micronutrients including vitamins A, B6, B12, folate, and carotenoids (lycopene, beta, and alpha carotene. These substances, which include vitamins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, provide a number of skin advantages, including as anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and UV protection. Their application is in line with consumers' increasing desire for sustainable, eco-friendly, and natural products. The sustainable skincare treatments has led to an increased interest in herbal antioxidants as active components in cosmetic formulations. These plant-based compounds, rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamins, offer significant advantages such as reducing oxidative stress, preventing premature aging, and enhancing skin protection. Nevertheless, herbal antioxidants have significant drawbacks in spite of their advantages. Their successful application in commercial goods is hampered by problems like stability, standardization, uneven bioavailability, and possible allergic reactions. This review explores the key advantages and disadvantages of herbal antioxidants in cosmetics, providing insight into their therapeutic potential, formulation considerations, and the need for further research to optimize their application in the beauty industry.

Evaluation Study of Computer assisted coding in Revenue Cycle Management

Sahanasharma Ventakesh Sharma — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Computer Aided Coding (CAC) has been around since the 1950s and is projected to reach $4.75 Billion by 2022. Be that as it may, it has not been on the emergency clinics' need list until 2014. Computer-assisted coding is an innovation programming that reduces out the coding work process, lessen overabundances by expanding efficiency, and assists coders with exploring broadened, more intricate diagrams all the more rapidly. Innovation is a kind of man-made brainpower. The possibility of Computer-assisted coding turned out to be more forefront with the execution of electronic health records (EHRs) and the requests of a more prohibitive repayment from payers. Precision, consistency, and, undoubtedly, efficiency has been critical to all associations. Because of the expansion in trend setting innovations, Computer-assisted coding has progressed in its exhibition. Nonetheless, the inquiry stays as to in the event that it has satisfied the new promotion before the execution of CA to expand efficiency, precision, consistency, improve clinical documentation, and so on This examination was directed utilizing a survey to overview the viability of Computer-assisted coding in revenue cycle management. The consequences of the overview show that there are associations that are as yet not utilizing CAC. The general view of the respondents feel CAC isn't a must-have innovation to code proficiently in any case, with the CAC, the general coding measure is agreeable yet at the same time needs improvement.

Exploration of Pharmacognostical, Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation, Taxometric Analysis and DNA Barcoding of Simarouba Glauca DC.

A. Krishnaveni, Vaishnavi. G, Sandhiya. S, Manjula. B, T. Venkata Rathina Kumar — Mon, 15 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Simarouba glauca, commonly known as Lakmitaru or paradise tree, belongs to Simaroubaceae. It is traditionally referred to as “Dysentery Bark” due to its well-known use against dysentery. The plant is native to Southern Florida, West indies and Brazil. In India, Simarouba glauca is traditionally used for the treatment of Helminthic infection, dysentery, hypotension, cancer and diabetes.

Material and methods: Phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, anthraquinone, steroids, phenol, saponin, tannin, carbohydrate. The plant has demonstrated various pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic activity, anti- inflammation, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiamoebic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, reducing patchy skin saturation, haemolytic, acaricidal, hypertensive, antidysentery, analgesic and anti-leukemic activities. In the present study, fresh leaves of Simarouba glauca were collected, authenticated, shade dried, coarsely powdered and extracted using Aqueous solvent system. The extract was concentrated and stored in air tight container for further analysis.

Result and discussion: Macroscopical and microscopical examinations were carried out for the identification of the plant in both whole and powdered forms, while supplementary analyses including powder microscopy, physicochemical evaluation, fluorescence analysis, taxometric studies and DNA barcoding further confirmed its authenticity.

Conclusion: The present article draws phytochemical analysis of the plant shows presence of beta carboline alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, carbohydrate, steroid, terpenoid and quantitatively estimates harmaline(0.0079mg/g), quercetin (0.0055mg/g), gallic acid(0.0009mg/g), tannic acid (0.0018 mg/g) and thymol (0.0070mg/g) equivalent in Simarouba glauca.

Anatomy and Physiology of Wound Healing

Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To ensure the restoration of the integrity and function of the skin, a sequence of carefully orchestrated steps are engaged in the multifaceted process of cutaneous wound healing. Most importantly, the function of lipids in wound healing is explored with focus on how they augment restoration of barrier function, modulate inflammation, induce cell proliferation, and promote remodeling. Lipids including phospholipids, sphingolipids, and ceramides are required for membrane structure, cell signal, and tissue repair. Normal wound healing occurs in three successive but overlapping phases: the remodeling phase, the proliferative phase, and the hemostasis/inflammatory phase. Hypertrophic scar and keloid wounds are examples of wound healing abnormalities that compromise normal physical function.

Management of Female Infertility

Mohana Krishnan. P, Mahalakshmi. A, Shahina. A, Sandhiya. V, Vigneshwaran. LV — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. It has been estimated That 93% of healthy couples practicing unprotected intercourse should except to conceive within 1 year.webriely discussion about Herbal drugs,Pathophysiology, prevalence,Life style modification, Statistical analysis.C0 Morbid condition. Background Infertility is globally prevalent and India accounts for 25% of the global burden, but it is still a neglected reproductive health issue. To estimate the prevalence of infertility, Its determinants, perception and challenges faced by couples from the peri-urban area of Ahmedabad City. Materials and Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in peri-urban areas of Ahmedabad City. For quantitative data collection, 689 couples were selected through probability proportion-based sampling (PPBS).

Unlocking the Potential of Strychnos potatorum: A Review of its Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties

Mohana Krishnan. P, Thirumal. S, Ashwin. K, Bharath Kumar. K, Vigneshwaran. L.V — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Strychnos potatorum Linn. f., commonly known as the “clearing nut tree,” is a medicinally important plant belonging to the family Loganiaceae. It has been widely used in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani for treating various ailments, including diabetes, diarrhea, liver disorders, eye diseases, urinary complications, and inflammatory conditions. The seeds, roots, bark, fruits, and leaves are rich in diverse secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, and sterols, which contribute to its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Numerous studies have reported anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, antipyretic, and antiarthritic properties. Additionally, its seeds are traditionally used as natural coagulants in water purification, highlighting its environmental relevance. Despite extensive ethnomedicinal usage and promising experimental evidence, further research is required to establish its safety profile, isolate bioactive compounds, and validate its therapeutic potential through clinical studies. This review consolidates the pharmacognostical features, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological properties of S. potatorum, providing a comprehensive outlook on its medicinal significance and future prospects in drug development.

Review Article of Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery System

Vigneshwaran. L.V, Dhamodaraprasad. V, Pradheep. C, Vasikaran. M, Thulasiram. S — Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Emulsions are liquid-liquid dispersions in which tiny droplets of one liquid phase are distributed throughout the other liquid phase. Because of their appealing qualitiessuch as their small size, high surface area per unit volume, improved dispersion of active hydrophobic components, and enhanced absorption nanoemulsionsemulsions with sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers have a wide range of potential uses in pharmaceutics, foods, and cosmetics. Beginning with an introduction to emulsion kinds, preparation, and stability, the article gives a general review of nanoemulsions for drug delivery. Surfactants are essential for creating and maintaining nanoemulsions. Small molecule, particle, phospholipid, peptide, and protein surfactants are among the several forms of surfactants that are enumerated. The uses of nanoemulsions in drug delivery as nanomedicine are then discussed.

Various Softwares Programs Available for Computer Aided Drug Discovery – An Updated Review

Thrisha. S, Padmavathi. M, Abinesh. E, Ponmadasamy. M, Vigneshwaran. L.V — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The methods and uses of computer-aided drug design (CADD) to speed up drug development procedures are examined in this research. The paper highlights crucial techniques that use structure-based and ligand-based methodologies and are supported by specialized software tools, such as molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening. The results demonstrate that CADD significantly accelerates lead selection and optimization by enabling precise target interaction analysis and efficient chemical screening. Computational techniques combined with biological data increase prediction accuracy, reduce costs and expedite research. These advancements facilitate the creation of novel therapies with improved efficacy and safety records. The implications underscore the pivotal function of CADD in modern pharmacology, promoting more efficient, ethical and easily accessible drug development projects worldwide. This illustrates how future pharmaceutical innovation will be transformed by computational methods.

Few Sacred Trees as The Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Southern and South Western Districts of Tamil Nadu: An Ethanobotanical and Medicinal Compendium

Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sacred trees occupy a unique position at the cross roads of cultural reverence, ecological sustainability and medicinal importance. For centuries, communities across India and beyond have worshipped these trees as divine symbols, protectors and life-sustaining entities. Beyond their spiritual and ethnobotanical value, sacred trees are rich reservoirs of bioactive phytochemicals with profound pharmacological potential. They yield secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides, many of which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective and anticancer properties. Despite their cultural significance and established role in traditional medicine, many sacred trees remain underexplored in modern phytochemical and pharmacological research. This compendium aims to integrate ethnobotanical wisdom with scientific evidence by documenting the medicinal value, phytochemical constituents and therapeutic applications of selected sacred tree species. It also underscores the urgent need for conservation in the face of deforestation, urbanization and habitat loss. By bridging ancestral traditions with contemporary biomedical research, this work highlights sacred trees as invaluable contributors to natural drug discovery, biodiversity conservation and holistic healthcare.

Pharmacognostical, preliminary phytochemical probe, phenetics and DNA barcoding of Calotropis gigantea Linn leaves

A. Krishnaveni, Sandhiya. S, Manjula. B, Vaishnavi. G — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Calotropis gigantea belongs to Apocynaceae, a large erect lactiferous shrub, native to continental Asia, South East Asia and had been introduced in the pacific islands, Australia, Central and northern South America, South Africa, India, Srilanka, China, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Cambodia. Tribal communities used this plant to treat bronchial asthma, cholera, convulsions, pneumonia, toothache, ringworm and small pox infections, fever, rheumatism, leprosy, constipation, wounds. The phytochemical survey reported the presence of cardenolides, triterpenoids, anthocyanins and hydrocarbons. The plant exhibited antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti asthmatic, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, procoagulant, abortifacient, cytotoxic, insecticidal and ovicidal effects

Materials and methods: Leaves were collected from Mangalakudi village, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, in the month of February 2025. It was identified and authenticated by Dr.Stephen. The collected leaves were washed with water; shade dried, powdered and aqueous extract is prepared. The extract was concentrated and stored in air tight container for further use.

Results and discussion: The present study analysed the pharmacognostical parameters such as macroscopical, microscopical evaluation, determination of physicochemical constants including inorganic elements, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents, phenetics and DNA barcoding in leaves of Calotropis gigantea.

Conclusion: The present article draws phytochemical analysis of the plant shows presence of beta carboline alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, tannin, saponin, steroid, terpenoid and quantitatively estimates digoxin(0.0003mg/g), gallic acid(0.0005mg/g), tannic acid(0.006 mg/g) and thymol(0.001mg/g) equivalent in Calotropis gigantea.

Testicular Spermatogenic Activity of Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. against Monosodium Glutamate

S. Muthukumar, J. Muthukumar, M.R. Vinayakamurthi, T. Venkata RathinaKumar — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marsilea quadrifolia is an aquatic plant that contains high antioxidants level and could prevent cell damages caused by free radicals. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Marsilea quadrifolia ethanol extract on luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone levels, sperm quality, and testis histology of adult male rats induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG). This study randomly divided 30 adult male rats into five groups (n6). The LH and testosterone levels at this time were measured to know the differences between the MSG and control groups. After 15 days of receiving MSG, the rats were continuously treated with MSG and followed by the administration of extract until 30 days (day 30). Both hormones between the MSG and treatment groups were measured at this time. The LH and testosterone levels significantly increased (p0.05) after Marsilea quadrifolia administration at all doses. The higher dose of M. quadrifolia ethanol extract demonstrated a high decrease in MDA level in MSG-treated rat testis increase of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and Leydig cells number and increase of seminiferous tubular diameter and germinal epithelium thickness. The ethanol extract of Marsilea quadrifolia can improve the levels of LH, testosterone, sperm quality, number of testis morphometric, spermatogenic, and Leydig cells in MSG-treated male rats.

Pharmacognostical, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Pharmacobotany and DNA Barcoding Characterization of Calliandra haematocephala Leaves (Hassk)

A. Krishnaveni, Manjula. B, Sandhiya. S, Vaishnavi. G, T.Venkata Rathina Kumar — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Calliandra haematocephala Hassk commonly known as the red powder puff, is a small ornamental shrub belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, including India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central America. Though popularly cultivated for its vibrant crimson flowers, the plant also holds considerable ethnomedicinal value. Traditionally, various parts of Calliandra haematocephala have been used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, epilepsy, fever, bacterial infections, and as a natural blood purifier. Tribal and folk communities (Ogbomoso, Oyo State) have employed its extracts for their anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory, and antibacterial properties.

Materials and methods: Leaves were collected from the Alagarkoil foot Hills, Madurai district, Tamil Nadu in the month of March 2025.It was authenticated by Dr. Stephen, Professor of Botany, The American College, Madurai-625002. Collected leaves were washed with water, shade dried powdered and aqueous extract were prepatred. The extract was concentrated and stored in airtight container for further use. These compounds are believed to contribute to its therapeutic potential. In the present study, fresh leaves of Calliandra haematocephala were collected, cleaned and crushed to juice using blender, the resulting juice was used for further analysis.

Results and Discussion: The study was evaluated for the pharmacognostical characteristics, physicochemical parameters, qualitative and quantitative estimation of Calliandra haematocephala leaves along with evolution of phenetics analysis.

Determination of NK1 and 5-HT3 Antagonists using a Validated RP-HPLC Method

Shiva Kumar Tejavath, Perli. Kranti Kumar, Yadagiri Phalguna, N. Sriram — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

New strategy was laid out for concurrent assessment of Netupitant and Palonosetron by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic circumstances were effectively created for the detachment of Netupitant and Palonosetron by utilizing Inertsil C18 (4.6mm ×250mm, 5µm molecule size), stream rate was 1.0 ml/min, portable stage proportion was (55:45% v/v) Methanol: Phosphate cushion pH 4.8 (pH was changed with ortho phosphoricacid), location frequency was 282nm. The instrument utilized was WATERS Partnership 2695 detachment module, Programming: Engage 2, 996 PDA locator. The maintenance times were viewed as 1.688mins and 3.282mins. The % virtue of Netupitant and Palonosetron was viewed as 99.86%. The framework reasonableness boundaries for Netupitant and Palonosetron, for example, hypothetical plates and following variable were viewed as 7586, 1.69 and 6235 and 1.58, the goal was viewed as 10.85. The insightful strategy was approved by ICH rules (ICH, Q2 (R1)). The linearity investigation of Netupitant and Palonosetron was found in focus scope of 100µg-500µg and 30µg-70µg and relationship coefficient (r2) was viewed as 0.999 and 0.999, % recuperation was viewed as 100.112% and 100.16%, %RSD for repeatability was 0.1702 and 0.043 separately. The accuracy study was exact, vigorous, and repeatable. The LOD esteem was viewed as 2.1µg/ml and 1.28µg/ml, and LOQ esteem was 6.3µg/ml and 3.84µg/ml for Netupitant and Palonosetron individually. The consequences of study showed that the proposed RP‐HPLC strategy is a basic, exact, exact, tough, strong, quick and reproducible, which might be helpful for the standard assessment of Netupitant and Palonosetron in drug measurement structure.

A Sars Coronavirus Vaccine, A Double-Inactivated Whole Virus Candidate, Produces Protective and Negative Antibody Responses

Vigneshwaran L.V, Dhamadhara Prasad. V, Thimmaraj. V, Yogaraj. D, Dharshan. N — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Using fermenter cultures of serum protein-free Vero cells, a double-inactivated candidate whole virus vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was developed and produced on a large scale. To provide a very high safety margin with regard to residual infectivity, a two-step inactivation process that involves successive formaldehyde and UV inactivation was used. This double-inactivated vaccine's immunogenicity has been tested using a mouse model. Mice that given two doses of the proposed SARS-CoV vaccine showed high levels of neutralizing antibodies and antibody titres against the SARS-CoV spike protein. Only a small adverse effect on the vaccine's immunogenicity was caused by the addition of the adjuvant Al (OH)3. In addition, immunization induced cell-mediated immunity as demonstrated by interleukin-4 and interferon stimulation. Additionally, the vaccination gives protective immunity, wherein shown by stopping SARS-CoV multiplication in the mice's respiratory tracts following an intranasal SARS-CoV challenge. Antibody titres against the SARS-CoV S protein and neutralizing antibody titres were linked to mice's protection.

Market Availability of Natural Colorants: A Comprehensive Analysis

Arthi V, Tamil Mani R, Sudhandhiradevi M, Vigneshwaran L V — Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Herbal natural colorants are becoming more and more popular as a result of the cosmetics industry's need for sustainable and natural alternatives. Compared to synthetic dyes, which are frequently linked to allergy responses and environmental issues, these plant-derived pigments provide a safer, more environmentally friendly and skin-compatible option. Flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and chlorophyll are among the bioactive substances found in herbal colorants that are produced from plants including turmeric, beetroot, hibiscus, henna, saffron and indigo. Many of these substances have anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and antioxidant qualities in addition to their coloring capabilities, which give cosmetic formulations additional medicinal advantages. Notwithstanding its benefits, issues with scalability, color uniformity and stability for commercial use still exist. These restrictions are being lessened in part by developments in formulation and natural preservation strategies. This research highlights the potential of herbal natural colorants as both functional and aesthetically pleasing constituents formulations by examining their origins, characteristics, uses and current trends in cosmetic product use.

Alternatives for Natural Colorants

Vigneshwaran.L.V, Sudhandhiradevi. M, Arthi. V, Tamilmani. R — Wed, 24 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Natural colourants derived from plant, animal, and mineral sources have gained renewed attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes and pigments. This review explores the historical context, classification, extraction methods, and applications of natural colourants across food, textile, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Emphasis is placed on key botanical sources such as turmeric, indigo, saffron, annatto, and beetroot, as well as microbial and insect-derived pigments like cochineal. Recent advancements in stabilization techniques and encapsulation have improved the functional performance of natural dyes, addressing issues such as colour fastness and sensitivity to pH, light, and temperature. Challenges remain in terms of large-scale production, standardization, and regulatory approval. Nevertheless, increasing consumer demand for eco-friendly and non-toxic products is driving innovation and market growth. The review highlights current research gaps and suggests future directions for developing cost-effective, stable, and vibrant natural colourant systems.While natural colourants are valued for their eco-friendliness and low toxicity, they often suffer from limitations such as poor stability, low colour intensity, and limited availability. As a result, alternatives to natural colourants have emerged to meet industrial demands for consistent, vibrant, and stable pigments. This review evaluates current alternatives including synthetic dyes, bioengineered pigments from microorganisms, and nano-encapsulated natural derivatives. Synthetic colourants, although widely used, raise concerns regarding toxicity and environmental impact. Meanwhile, advances in biotechnology have enabled the production of natural-like pigments via microbial fermentation, offering a more sustainable and scalable solution. Encapsulation and stabilization technologies are also improving the performance of natural extracts. The review compares the properties, applications, regulatory status, and environmental profiles of these alternatives, highlighting innovations that balance functionality with safety. Future research is directed toward hybrid approaches that combine natural aesthetics with modern material science to meet consumer and regulatory expectations.