IJPAR JOURNAL

A Review on Liposomes as a Drug Delivery System

Wed, 05 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Nanoparticle systems have been perceived as the ultimate goal for effective drug delivery for decades. The ideal nanoparticle carries the drug-load safely to a predefined target. There, it is capable of releasing its cargo intracellular or in the extracellular space where the drug can be directly internalized and exert the desired action. Enroute, the nanoparticle prevents unwanted interactions of the drug-load with non-target tissues and where needed, it will enhance the circulation time of the encapsulated drug and enable sustained release. In this context, liposomes, a class of synthetic lipid nanoparticles have been explored in depth. Liposomes are microscopic self-assembling unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles made up of phospholipid bilayer. Both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs can be attached to the lipid bilayer of liposomes and can show their efficacy in the target cell of the human body. Liposomes can significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs. They have been investigated for diverse applications such as treatment of cancer, delivery of gene and vaccine, treatment of lung and skin diseases, treatment of tumours, and imaging tumours at the site of infection. They are leading present-day smart delivery systems due to their flexible biophysical and physicochemical properties, which permit easy control to address different delivery concerns. This review will discuss various advances and updates in liposome-assisted drug delivery and the current clinical use of liposomes for biomedical applications.

A Review on Orodispersible tablet

Fri, 21 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The oral route is the most important and recommended route of drug administration. Oral route is the safest and convenient route of drug delivery because of wide range of drugs are administered through this route. Oro dispersible tablets are novel oral drug-delivery system as they have improved patient compliance and have some additional advantages compared to other oral formulation. Oral dispersible tablet are solid unit dosage forms, which disintegrate or dissolves quickly in the mouth within a minute in the presence of saliva without chewing or water. The dosage form containing super disintegrates which impart the quality of quick disintegration in the presence of saliva and also play an important role in the formulation of oral dispersible tablets. The present review is focused on ideal properties, objective, advantages and disadvantages and evaluation parameters.

Anti-Hyperglycemic and Antioxidant Actvity of Wheat Grass Juice

Mohammed Tauqueer Shaikh, Mehraj A. Pathan, M.R.N. Shaikh, Amjad Khan A. Pathan — Thu, 10 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes is a common medical problem in India, which has become yet more in most of India. Diabetes is occurs when your blood glucose is too high. The Streptozotocin which is used in the above experiment is the islets of pancreas which helps in increase of the insulin level which simultaneously shows the decrease in the Blood glucose level. This study is aimed to show the antihyperglaemic and antioxidant activity of the wheatgrass on the Human body.

RP-HPLC method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of fosnetupitant and palonosetron in bulk and combined formulation

Penumala Vinay Kumar, A. Venkateswara Rao, Ch. Prasad — Mon, 14 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Palonosetron and Fosnetupitant, in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on a Altima C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5µm) column using a mixture of Methanol: TEA Buffer pH 4.5: Acetonitrile (50:25:25) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 225 nm. The retention time of the Palonosetron and Fosnetupitant was 2.102, 3.537 ±0.02min respectively. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 5-25mg/ml of Palonosetron and 12.5-62.5mg/ml of Fosnetupitant. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Simultaneous estimation of new analytical method development and validation of mecobalamin and gabapentin by high-performance liquid chromatography

Chinthaluri Satya Prasanth Raju, Ch. Prasad, T.K.V. Kesav Rao — Tue, 15 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

High performance liquid chromatography is at present one of the most sophisticated tool of the analysis. The estimation of Mecobalamin and Gabapentin was done by RP-HPLC. The Phosphate buffer was p^H 3 and the mobile phase was optimized with consists of Methanol: Phosphate buffer (pH-3) mixed in the ratio of 70:30 % v/ v. A Phenomenex Luna column C18 (4.6 x 150 mm, 5mm) or equivalent chemically bonded to porous silica particles was used as stationary phase. The solutions were chromatographed at a constant flow rate of 1 ml/min. The linearity range of Mecobalamin and Gabapentin were found to be from 16-80mg/ml, 10-50mg/ml respectively. Linear regression coefficient was not more than 0.999, 0.999.

Simultaneous estimation of new analytical method development and validation of pantoprazole, itopride hydrochloride by high performance liquid chromatography

Relangi Lokesh Siva Surya Gowd, T.K.V. Kesav Rao, A.Venkateswara Rao — Tue, 15 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Pantoprazole, Itopride Hydrochloride, in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on X bridge C18 (4.6×150mm) 5µcolumn using a mixture of Methanol: Phosphate Buffer pH3 (60:40v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 260nm. The retention time of the Pantoprazole, Itopride Hydrochloride was 2.6, 3.8±0.02min respectively. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 5-25µg/ml of Pantoprazole and 20-100µg/ml of Itopride Hydrochloride respectively. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Analytical method development and validation of acyclovir of different market brands by UV-Spectroscopy

Kishore More, Nimmala Shanthi, Neelamma G, Bantu Bhavani, Konakandla Sujatha — Wed, 23 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A study was conducted to develop a UV-spectrophotometric assay method for accurately determining the concentration of Acyclovir in both bulk and tablet formulations. Although previous methods existed for estimating Acyclovir in dosage forms, none of them were stability-indicating UV spectroscopic studies focused on a single dosage form.In this study, a simple, accurate, rapid, and cost-effective UV-spectrophotometric assay method was established. The stock solution was prepared using water as the solvent, and subsequent concentrations were prepared using the same solvent. Acyclovir was detected at a wavelength of 252nm, which was determined as its maximum absorption wavelength (λmax).The linearity of Acyclovir was observed in concentrations ranging from 1 to 7 μg/ml, with a high regression coefficient (r2) of 0.9987. The percentage of Acyclovir content in the API formulation was found to be 99.7016 ± 1.4996, indicating good accuracy. The method also demonstrated precision, as evidenced by the recovery studies, with recoveries close to 100% and a low relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2.The inter-day precision for Acivir, Aciv, and Aclovir was determined to be 0.3382, 2.1933, and 2.7090, respectively. The intra-day variations were found to be 1.5207, 2.3961, and 1.2254 for Acivir, Aciv, and Aclovir, respectively. Accuracy was assessed by determining the values at 80%, 100%, and 120% of the expected concentrations. For Acivir, the accuracy values were 0.69627, 0.08166, and 0.41124 at 80%, 100%, and 120%, respectively. For Aciv, the values were 0.18316, 0.12809, and 0.19022, and for Aclovir, the values were 0.18149753, 0.16605322, and 0.19693346 at 80%, 100%, and 120%, respectively.The robustness of the method was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at different wavelengths. The robustness values for Acivir at wavelengths 252nm, 253nm, and 254nm were 2.98217216, 2.264530905, and 4.430021, respectively. For Aciv, the values were 3.5995176, 3.177528527, and 13.34564475, and for Aclovir, the values were 10.5995176, 5.634288012, and 8.09250084 at wavelengths 252nm, 253nm, and 254nm, respectively. These results indicate the sensitivity of the method to different wavelengths and highlight the importance of using the designated wavelength (252nm) for accurate measurements.

Simultaneous estimation of rosuvastatin and aspirin by RP-HPLC in pharmaceutical formulations

Lakireddy. Saraswathi — Wed, 23 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

We intends to develop RP-HPLC method by simultaneous determination with simple, rapid, greater sensitivity and faster elution. The work is to establish a stability-indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Rosuvastatin and Aspirin in combined dosage form. The validated method would be applicable in both formulation development and routine quality control analysis. The estimation of Aspirin and Rosuvastatin was done by RP-HPLC. The assay of Aspirin and Rosuvastatin was performed with tablets and the % assay was found to be 99.11 and 100.76 which shows that the method is useful for routine analysis. The linearity of Aspirin and Rosuvastatin was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and 0.999, which shows that the method is capable of producing good sensitivity.

The acceptance criteria of precision is RSD should be not more than 2.0% and the method show precision 0.8 and 0.5 for Aspirin and Rosuvastatin which shows that the method is precise.

The acceptance criteria of intermediate precision is RSD should be not more than 2.0% and the method show precision 0.6 and 0.5 for Aspirin and Rosuvastatin which shows that the method is repeatable when performed in different days also.

The accuracy limit is the percentage recovery should be in the range of 97.0% - 103.0%. The total recovery was found to be 100.34% and 100.22% for Aspirin and Rosuvastatin. The validation of developed method shows that the accuracy is well within the limit, which shows that the method is capable of showing good accuracy and reproducibility.

The acceptance criteria for LOD and LOQ is 3 and 10.The LOD and LOQ for Aspirin was found to be 3.00 and 9.98 and LOD and LOQ for Rosuvastatin was found to be 3.02 and 10.00.

Design and in-vitro characterization of rosuvastatin calcium floating tablets by employing response surface method

K. Jaganathan, D. Devanandh, S. Chandra, N. Senthilkumar — Mon, 28 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aimed to design and characterize in-vitro floating tablets of Rosuvastatin Calcium using the Response Surface Method (RSM) to enhance the gastric residence time and improve bioavailability. Floating tablets were prepared using different concentrations of hydrophilic polymers and effervescent agents. The RSM was employed to optimize the formulation variables, namely the amount of hydrophilic polymer and effervescent agent, to achieve desired tablet buoyancy and drug release profile. The tablets were evaluated for physical parameters such as hardness, friability, floating lag time, total floating time, and in-vitro drug release. The drug release kinetics followed the Higuchi model, indicating diffusion-controlled release. Based on the evaluation of floating lag time and release characteristics, formula F6 was identified as the optimal formulation. F6 demonstrated a floating lag time of 171±0.81 seconds, a floatation time of 24 hours, and an impressive cumulative drug release of 99.87%. Notably, this formulation exhibited sustained release characteristics throughout the entire release period. The RSM effectively predicted the relationship between the independent variables and the responses, and the experimental values were in close agreement with the predicted values. The study successfully demonstrated the potential of designing Rosuvastatin Calcium floating tablets using RSM. The optimized formulation showed promising results in terms of buoyancy and drug release, suggesting its potential for once-daily administration and improved patient compliance.

Simultaneous estimation of niacin and lovastatin by using rp-hplc in api and marketed formulations

GaallaTejaswini, Sameena, Koteswari Poluri — Tue, 05 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

estimated using Phenomenex Gemini C18 (4.6mm×150mm, 5µm) particle size column. A mobile phase composed of tri ethylamine buffer and methanol in proportion of 32:68 v/v, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used for the separation. Detection was carried out at 248nm. The linearity range obtained was 30-70µg/ml for Niacin and 10-50µg/ml for Lovastatin with retention times (Rt) of 3.297min and 5.405min for Niacinand Lovastatin respectively. The correlation coefficient values were found to be 0.999 & 0.999. Precession studies showed % RSD values less than 2 % for both the drugs in all the selected concentrations. The percentage recoveries of Niacin and Lovastatinwere found to be 100.1873% for Niacin and 100.748% for Lovastatin respectively. The assay results of Niacin and Lovastatinwere found to be 99.82%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 2.6µg/ml and 7.8µg/ml for Niacin and 3.4µg/ml 10.2µg/ml for Lovastatin respectively. The proposed method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The proposed validated method was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of commercially available dosage form.

Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatogrphy method for simultaneous estimation of metformin and sitagliptin in pure and tablet

N. Chetan, Yakub pasha, Koteswari Poluri — Tue, 05 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Metformin and Sitagliptin, in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on X bridge C18 (4.6×150mm) 5µcolumn using a mixture of Methanol: Phosphate Buffer pH3 (60:40v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 260nm. The retention time of the Metformin and Sitagliptin was 2.6, 3.8±0.02min respectively. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 5-25µg/ml of Metforminand 20-100µg/ml ofSitagliptin respectively. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Development and validation of analytical method for simultaneous estimation of econazole and triamcinolone by rp- hplc

Addakula Ashwini, Sabitha Bandaru, Koteswari Poluri — Tue, 05 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A new, simple, rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validation of Econazole and Triamcinolone in its pure form as well as in combined marketed formulation. Chromatography was carried out on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (4.6mm×250mm) 5µm particle size column using a mixture of Methanol: Phosphate Buffer (pH-4.2) (37:63% v/v)as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, thedetection was carried out at 275nm. The retention time of the Econazole and Triamcinolonewas found to be was 2.133, 3.692±0.02min respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 20-60mg/ml of Econazole and 10-30mg/ml of Triamcinolone.The inter-day and intra-day precisions were found to be within limits. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Validated rp-hplc method development for the simultaneous estimation of glycopyrrolate and formoterol in its combined dosage forms

Vadla Vaishnavi, M.Bhaskar, Koteswari Poluri — Tue, 05 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A new, simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for Simultaneous estimation of Glycopyrrolate and Formoterol in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of Glycopyrrolate and Formoterol was successfully achieved on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (4.6×250mm, 5µm) particle size or equivalent in an isocratic mode utilizing Acetonitrile: Phosphate Buffer (pH-4.6) (45:55 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min and eluates was monitored at 245nm, with a retention time of 2.102 and 3.537 minutes for Glycopyrrolate and Formoterol respectively. The method was validated and the response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 10µg/mL to 50µg/mL for Glycopyrrolate and 20µg/mL to 100µg/mL for Formoterol. The values of the slope and the correlation coefficient were found to be 77824 and 0.999 for Glycopyrrolate and 10515 and 0.999 for Formoterol respectively. The LOD and LOQ for Glycopyrrolate were found to be 0.6µg/mL and 1.8µg/mL respectively. The LOD and LOQ for Formoterol were found to be 0.8 µg/mL and 2.4µg/mL respectively. This method was found to be good percentage recovery for Glycopyrrolate and Formoterol were found to be 100.351 and 100.93 respectively indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The specificity of the method shows good correlation between retention times of standard with the sample so, the method specifically determines the analytes in the sample without interference from excipients of tablet dosage forms. The method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines for Linearity, Range, Accuracy, Precision, Specificity and Robustness.

Floating Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Formulation Strategies and Applications

K. Jaganathan, D. Devanandh, S. Chandra, N. Senthilkumar — Wed, 20 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) have garnered significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to their ability to improve drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the formulation strategies and applications of floating drug delivery systems.The review commences by discussing the physiological basis of gastric retention, highlighting the importance of FDDS in achieving prolonged residence time within the stomach. It explores the factors affecting gastric emptying and their impact on FDDS performance. Various approaches for formulating buoyant drug delivery systems, including single-unit and multiple-unit systems, are elucidated along with their respective advantages and limitations.Furthermore, the review delves into the diverse range of polymers, gelling agents, and gas-generating agents employed in FDDS formulation. Special emphasis is placed on recent advancements in material science and their contribution to enhancing the floating properties, drug release kinetics, and overall performance of these systems. Additionally, the integration of innovative technologies such as microbubbles, magnetic particles, and mucoadhesive polymers is explored for their potential to further optimize FDDS functionality.The applications of FDDS go beyond improving drug delivery to include therapeutic areas such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, motion sickness, and local gastric treatment. The review highlights the clinical significance of FDDS in these contexts, shedding light on recent clinical trials and outcomes.In conclusion, this review underscores the profound impact of floating drug delivery systems on pharmaceutical research and patient care. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the formulation strategies, materials, and applications associated with FDDS, paving the way for continued innovation in drug delivery and therapeutic effectiveness.

A nano review about food and cosmetics analysis and its importance

Sat, 23 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The analysis of food and cosmetics is crucial for ensuring public health, safety, and product quality. For food, analytical techniques focus on detecting harmful elements, verifying nutritional value, maintaining product quality, and ensuring regulatory compliance. Similarly, cosmetics are tested for safety, efficacy, and uniformity, among other attributes. Both sectors also place increasing emphasis on the environmental impact of products and the ethical concerns associated with their production and testing. Comprehensive analytical protocols serve to authenticate product claims, validate shelf-life, and sometimes even eliminate the need for animal testing. Through rigorous analysis, regulatory agencies and manufacturers can guarantee that food and cosmetic products meet established standards and are safe for public consumption and use.

Instrumental methods involved in the analysis of preservatives in food and cosmetics products

Sat, 23 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Analyzing the presence and concentration of preservatives in food and cosmetics is vital for quality control and safety. Various instrumental methods are employed for this purpose, each with its unique set of advantages. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC) are widely used for their high accuracy and specificity, often coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS) for enhanced sensitivity and identification. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) offers quick, non-destructive analysis, while UV/Visible Spectroscopy provides a straightforward approach for compounds that absorb UV or visible light. For analyzing metal-based preservatives, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is exceptionally sensitive and precise. Other methods like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) also contribute to the analytical toolbox. The choice of method depends on the type of preservative, the sample matrix, and the required detection limits. Often, a combination of these techniques is employed for a comprehensive analysis.

Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of clonidine hcl and chlorthalidone in bulk and tablet dosage form by rp hplc method

A. Raja Reddy, M. Mounika, T. Rama Rao — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

A simple, accurate and precise HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Clonidine HCl and Chlorthalidone in pure and tablet dosage form has been developed.HPLC of Waters (Model: Alliance 2695) with Phenomenex Luna C18 (4.6 mm I.D. × 250 mm, 5 µm) column was used for chromatographic separation. It contains waters injector and PDA Detector (Deuterium). Mobile phase consists of Methanol: Water (65:35% v/v) and flow rate adjusted was 1ml/min. Wavelength selected for detection was 220nm and injection volume was 10 µl. By using the developed method, retention time of Clonidine HCl and Chlorthalidone was found to be 3.2min and 5.4min respectively. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy and precision. Linearity of Clonidine HCl and Chlorthalidone were in the range of 75–375μg/ml and 15–75μg/ml respectively. The percentage recoveries obtained for Clonidine HCl and Chlorthalidone were found to be in range of 99.3 – 99.6%. LOD and LOQ were found to be 12.5µg/ml and 38.1µg/ml for Clonidine HCl 3.7and 11.4µg/ml for Chlorthalidone. The developed HPLC method offers several advantages such as rapidity, usage of simple mobile phase and easy sample preparation steps. Further, improved sensitivity makes it specific and reliable for its intended use. Hence, this method can be applied for the analysis of pure drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. From the present study it can be concluded that the proposed method is simple, sensitive, precise, specific, accurate andreproducible.Results ofvalidation parameters demonstrated that the analytical procedure is suitable for its intended purpose and meets the criteria defined in ICH Q2R1.