IJPAR JOURNAL

Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of rabeprazole and domperidone by using rp-hplc

Gudepu Shailaja, Gadipally Sai Kiran, D. Venkata Ramana — Wed, 09 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A rapid, precise, accurate, specific and simple RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Rabeprazole and Domperidone in bulk and its combined pharmaceutical dosage form. A High-performance liquid chromatograph WATERS, software: Empower 2, 2695 separation module, 996 PDA detector, using Phenomenex Luna C18 (4.6mm×250mm) 5 µm or equivalent column, with mobile phase composition of Methanol: Phosphate Buffer pH-3.0 (70:30v/v) was used. The flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1 and effluent was detected at 230 nm. The retention time of Rabeprazole and Domperidone was found to be 1.870min and 2.499minutes respectively. Linearity was observed over concentration range of 10-50µg ml-1 for Rabeprazole and 16-80µg ml-1 for Domperidone respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was determined by recovery studies and the Rabeprazole was found to be 99.1% and Domperidone was found to be 98.8% respectively. The proposed method is applicable to routine analysis of Rabeprazole and Domperidone in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method was validated for various ICH parameters like linearity, limit of detection, limits of quantification, accuracy, precision, range and specificity.

New analytical method development and validation for estimation of eprosartan and hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and tablet dosage form by rp-hplc method

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A new RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of Eprosartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in both bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The separation was achieved using a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (4.6×250mm, 5µm) with an isocratic mobile phase of Acetonitrile: Phosphate Buffer (pH 4.6) (45:55 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at 245 nm, with retention times of 2.102 and 3.537 minutes for Eprosartan and Hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. The method exhibited linear response over the concentration ranges of 6µg/mL to 14µg/mL for Eprosartan and 18µg/mL to 42µg/mL for Hydrochlorothiazide, with correlation coefficients of 0.999 for both analytes. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 0.6 µg/mL and 1.8 µg/mL for Eprosartan, and 0.8 µg/mL and 2.4 µg/mL for Hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Method validation according to ICH guidelines confirmed the method's accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. The percentage recoveries for Eprosartan and Hydrochlorothiazide were 100.351% and 100.93%, respectively, indicating high accuracy. Specificity testing demonstrated good correlation between retention times of standards and samples, ensuring the method's ability to differentiate and quantify analytes in the presence of tablet excipients. In conclusion, the developed RP-HPLC method offers a simple, precise, accurate, and reproducible approach for the simultaneous determination of Eprosartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical formulations, making it suitable for routine quality control analysis.

Analytical method development and validation for estimation of clonazepam and brexpiprazole in bulk and tablet dosage form by rp-hplc

B. Sai Manisha, Gadipally Sai Kiran, D. Venkata Ramana — Wed, 09 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents the development and validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Clonidine and Hydrochlorothiazide in both bulk and tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of Methanol (80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection of the analytes was performed at 230 nm, with retention times of 2.090 min for Clonidine and 3.289 min for Hydrochlorothiazide. Calibration curves exhibited linearity over the concentration ranges of 20 μg/ml for Clonidine and 25 μg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide. The method was meticulously validated following ICH guidelines, encompassing assessments of specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity and range, ruggedness, robustness, and system suitability. The results demonstrated that the developed HPLC method is accurate, precise, and reproducible for the simultaneous quantification of Clonidine and Hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical formulations. Importantly, the method exhibited high specificity, with no interference observed from tablet excipients or endogenous substances. Overall, the validated HPLC method offers a straightforward and rapid analytical approach suitable for routine quality control analysis in pharmaceutical laboratories. Its robust performance, confirmed through validation parameters including accuracy, precision (with RSD values meeting acceptable criteria), and linearity, supports its practical utility in ensuring the quality and consistency of Clonidine and Hydrochlorothiazide formulations during manufacturing and quality assurance processes.

A Review Of Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Pathophysiology, And The Role Of Oxidative Stress.

A Sajina begum, P. Deepa — Fri, 18 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes mellitus (DM) encompasses a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The pathophysiology of diabetes is multifaceted, involving both genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, while Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and eventual β-cell dysfunction. A critical aspect of both types is the role of oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses. Elevated glucose levels lead to increased ROS generation, contributing to cellular damage, inflammation, and complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. This review explores the intricate relationship between diabetes pathophysiology and oxidative stress, highlighting the mechanisms through which oxidative damage exacerbates insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating oxidative stress and improving outcomes in diabetic patients.

Biosynthesis And Assessment Of Antibacterial Activity Of Silver Nanoparticles Utilizing Herbal Extract

Ubaidulla Uthumansha, Mohammad Samiyullah. S, Mohamed Asrarullah M.H — Sun, 20 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Silver nanoparticles, or AgNPs, are among the several metallic NPs with a wide range of uses in the biotechnological and medicinal domains. AgNPs can be synthesised using chemical and physical means. Conversely, the usage of hazardous chemicals, higher energy limitations, and high operating costs are some of the disadvantages of physicochemical techniques. Physical operations are intricate processes that are unable to control nanoscale particle sizes. The two main disadvantages are that their manufacturing costs are considerable and they produce particles with unpredictable sizes. Chemically produced NPs have a high energy need, are not environmentally friendly, and are not cost-effective. This is the time to use biological methods that use less expensive sources as precursors of AgNPs. The goal of the current work is to develop a straightforward, quick, and affordable process for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from a herbal extract of coriander sativum Linn. Additionally, the gel was assessed using the agar well diffusion method in an in vitro antibacterial assay. When tested against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the generated AgNPs integrated nano gel demonstrated antibacterial inhibitory efficiency that was comparable to the commercial product. Based on the findings, it can be said that the formulation may be used to treat wounds.

Uterine Fibroids-A Comprehensive Review On Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment

Sun, 20 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Uterine fibroids, alternatively referred to as leiomyomas or myomas, constitute the most commonly observed benign gynecological disorder in individuals who exhibit symptoms such as atypical uterine hemorrhage, pelvic masses that generate sensations of pressure or discomfort, challenges related to infertility, and complications during pregnancy. It is observed that a specific subset of patients may display enduring pelvic pain and dyspareunia.The current strategies for managing symptomatic uterine fibroids include expectant observation, pharmacotherapy, surgical procedures, and interventions associated with interventional radiology. The intent of this careful and explanatory review is therefore to bring available information together on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of uterine fibroids, in particular, what has lately been achieved in the field of medicine and clinical practice, consequences for women's health, and effectiveness of the modalities of treatment including drugs, surgical interventions, and new minimally invasive procedures.In the end, their combination will provide a global picture on understanding and resolving the problems related to uterine fibroids so that better care of patients can be provided by taking a holistic approach.

Role Of Post Approval Clinical Trials For Drug Safety

P.Sai Mounika, Uppula Vennela, D.Venkata Ramana, Gadipally Sai Kran — Sun, 20 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Following the drug-approval process, concerns remain regarding the safety of new drugs that are introduced into the marketplace. In the case of rare adverse events, the number of subjects that are treated in randomized controlled trials is invariably inadequate to determine the safety of the new pharmaceutical. Identifying safety signals for new and/or existing drugs is a major priority in the protection of public health. Unfortunately, design, analysis, and available data are often quite limited for detecting in a timely fashion any potentially harmful effects of drugs. In this review, we examine a variety of approaches for determining the possibility of adverse drug reactions. Our review includes spontaneous reports, meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials, ecological studies, and analysis of medical claims data. We consider both experimental design and analytic problems as well as potential solutions. Many of these methodologies are then illustrated through application to data on the possible relationship between taking antidepressants and increased risk of suicidality.

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide in api form and pharmaceutical dosage form

G. Pravalika, B. Sudhakar, K. Chaitanyaprasad, K. Shravankumar — Tue, 22 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A precise, simple, accurate and selective method was developed and validate for simultaneous estimation of Quinapril and Hydrochlorothiazide in API form and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed for routine quantification of Quinapril and Hydrochlorothiazide in the API form as well as in combined pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Gemini C18 (4.6mm×250mm) 5µm particle size utilizing mobile phase of filtered and degassed mixture of Methanol and Phosphate buffer (pH-3.8) (40:60% v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min with UV detection at 225nm. The method has been validated for linearity, accuracy and precision. In RP-HPLC method, the calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range of 10-30μg/ml for Quinapril and 30-90μg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide with percentage recoveries are within the limits. The results obtained by RP-HPLC methods are rapid, accurate and precise. Therefore proposed method can be used for routine analysis of Quinapril and Hydrochlorothiazide in the API form as well as in combined pharmaceutical dosage form.

Development and validation of rp-hplc method for the simultaneous estimation of magaldrate and simethicone in bulk And pharmaceutical dosage form

Ch. Navyani, P. Vedavahini, R. Mounika, K. Shravankumar — Tue, 22 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A new, simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for Simultaneous estimation of Magaldrate and Simethicone in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of Magaldrate and Simethicone was successfully achieved on a Agilent zorbax XDB C18 (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μ) or equivalent in an isocratic mode utilizing Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH-4.8): Methanol (40:60) v/v at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min and eluate was monitored at 235nm, with a retention time of 1.694 and 3.234 minutes for Magaldrate and Simethicone. The developed method was validated and the response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 50µg/mLto150 µg/mL for Magaldrate and 50µg/mLto150µg/mL for Simethicone. The values of the slope and the correlation coefficient were found to be y=26615x+ 43142 and 0.999 for Magaldrate and y=5560x-1243 and 0.999 for Simethicone respectively. This method was found to be good percentage recovery for Magaldrate and Simethicone were found to be 100.00 and 100.31 respectively indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The specificity of the method shows good correlation between retention times of standard with the sample so, the method specifically determines the analyte in the sample without interference from excipients of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines for Linearity, Range, Accuracy, Precision, Specificity and Robustness.

Quantitative estimation of cabotegravir & rilpivirine in tablet Dosage forms by RP-HPLC method

A Manisha, K. Chaitanya Prasad, B. Sudhakar, T. Vijayalaxmi — Tue, 22 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A novel, precise, accurate, rapid and cost effective isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed, optimized and validated for the estimation of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The drugs were estimated using Phenomenex Gemini C18 (4.6mm×150mm, 5µm) particle size column. A mobile phase composed of methanol and Water in proportion of 32:68 v/v, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min was used for the separation. Detection was carried out at 240nm. The linearity range obtained was 30-70µg/ml for Cabotegravir and 10-50µg/ml for with retention times (Rt) of 3.297min and 5.405min for Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine respectively. The correlation coefficient values were found to be 0.999 & 0.999. Precession studies showed % RSD values less than 2 % for both the drugs in all the selected concentrations. The percentage recoveries of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine were found to be 100.1873% for Cabotegravir and 100.748% for Rilpivirine respectively. The assay results of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine were found to be 99.82%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 2.6µg/ml and 7.8µg/ml for Cabotegravir and 3.4µg/ml 10.2µg/ml for Rilpivirine respectively. The proposed method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The proposed validated method was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of commercially available dosage form.

Formulation and evaluation of flurbiprofen pulsincap colon Target drug delivery

Dakani Srikanth, B Rama — Tue, 22 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate an Oral, site specific, Pulsatile drug delivery system containing Flurbiprofen as a model drug, which can be time dependent manner, to modulate the drug level in synchrony is a member of the drug class known as statins It is used for lowering cholesterol based on chrono pharmaceutical considerations. The basic design consists of an insoluble hard gelatin capsule body, filled with powder blend and sealed with a hydrogel plug. The powder blend containing Flurbiprofen, SSG, Lycoat, Ludiflash, MCC, Magnesium stearate and Talc was prepared and evaluated for flow properties and FTIR studies. From the obtained results, F12 powder blend formulation was selected for further fabrication of pulsatile capsules. Hydrogel plug was formulated in a lone and in combination of hydrophobic polymer like lactose with hydrophilic polymers like HPMC K15M in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratios to maintain a suitable lag period and it was found that the drug release was controlled by the proportion of polymers used. The prepared formulations were evaluated for drug content, weight variation and Invitro release studies. FTIR studies confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers and Invitro release studies of pulsatile device revealed that increasing hydrophilic polymer content resulted in delayed release of Flurbiprofen from the pulsincap after a predetermined lag time of 6hrs. Based on invitro studies performed, C5F8 was found to be optimized formulation.

Improving Quality Of Life In Geriatrics Through Ayurveda

Vd. Ghanita Ashokrao Pawar, Vd. Deepa Kale — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ayurved has explained about longevity and vitality in terms of Jarachikitsa and Rasayana. Geriatrics is emerged as a main chalenging specially because of over growing population of agaed people all over the wrold including India. Jara is caused by onset of detoriation of cell structure in the body. Shushrut defines Rasayana as a measure which prolonged with provides positive health ,improve mental state as well as immunity against disease. To improve the avarage life span of individuals and measures are like whole some diet in proper quantity, dincharya, rutucharya, panchkarma, sadvrittapalan, practice of yoga, rasayan etc being planned accordingly.

Hand Sanitizer For Disinfection

Tue, 29 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Hand hygiene is the most important as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. Especially, in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus, bacteria by the practice of regular hand sanitization. It can be achieved with contact isolation and strict infection control tools like supporting good hand hygiene in hospital settings and in public. The success of the hand sanitization uniquely depends on the use of effective hand disinfecting agents formulated in various types and their mechanism of action such as water-based or alcohol-based hand sanitizer and non-water based or non-alcohol based hand sanitizer with the latter being widely used in hospital settings. Till date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%–95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses, bacteria. This systematic review correlated with the data and it will investigate the range of available hand sanitizers and their effectiveness as well as the formulation aspects, adverse effects, efficiency and safety. Further, this article highlights the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer, non- alcohol based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.

A review on transethosomal drug delivery system

Pandian. C, Sreeja. P, Bharath Kumar. M, Vasanthakumar. A — Sun, 03 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The skin has a surface area of 1.8 m², and is essential for drug administration because of its enormous surface area for drug dispersion. However, drugs have limitations when it comes to low bioavailability, short residence time, systemic adverse effects, poor skin penetration, and reaching target areas. The goal of novel transdermal medication delivery strategies, including vesicular nano-carrier delivery systems, is to decrease dosage frequency, improve patient compliance, and minimize side effects. Although transdermal medicine distribution is a useful technique, many pharmaceuticals are unable to pass through the main barrier, the stratum corneum. Ethosomes, transferosomes, and transethosomes (TEs) are examples of ultra-deformable vesicles (UDVs) that have been designed to get over this obstacle and deliver medications to the intended location. Transethosomes show promise for transdermal drug delivery because of its ability to accommodate drug molecules with a broad range of solubility because to their lipophilic and hydrophilic areas. Because TEs contain larger amounts of phospholipid, edge activator, and ethanol, they have superior penetration through the stratum corneum. Transethosomes improve the solubility and stability of drugs, which boosts their effectiveness. By administering the medication in a semisolid dosage form, patient compliance is improved.

Method development and validation for ciprofloxacin and ornidazole in its bulk and combined dosage forms by RP–HPLC

Kumar Raja Jayavarapu, Praveen Kumar Dassari, P. Sowjanya, Yalam Saranya — Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A new method was established for simultaneous estimation of Ciprofloxacin and Ornidazole by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic conditions were successfully developed for the separation of Ciprofloxacin and Ornidazole by using Inertsil C18 5µm (4.6*250mm) column, flow rate was 1ml/min, mobile phase ratio was Phosphate buffer (0.05M) pH 4.6: ACN (30:70%v/v) (pH was adjusted with orthophosphoric acid), detection wave length was 255nm. The instrument used was WATERS HPLC Auto Sampler, Separation module 2695, PDA Detector 996, Empower-software version-2. The retention times were found to be 2.399mins and 3.907mins. The % purity of Ciprofloxacin and Ornidazole was found to be 100.7% and 101.4% respectively. The system suitability parameters for Ciprofloxacin and Ornidazole such as theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 1.3, 5117.5 and 1.4, 3877.3 the resolution was found to be 8.0. The analytical method was validated according to ICH guidelines (ICH, Q2 (R1)). The linearity study for Ciprofloxacin and Ornidazole was found in concentration range of 1μg-5μg and 100μg-500μg and correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.9988 and 0.999, % mean recovery was found to be 100% and 100.5%, %RSD for repeatability was 0.2 and 0.4, % RSD for intermediate precision was 0.5 and 0.1 respectively. The precision study was precise, robust, and repeatable. LOD value was 2.95 and 3.04, and LOQ value was 9.87 and 10 respectively. Hence the suggested RP-HPLC method can be used for routine analysis of Ciprofloxacin and Ornidazole in API and Pharmaceutical dosage form.

Pharmacognostical, preliminary phytochemical probe and phenetics of Heliotropium indicum Linn leaves

Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Heliotropium indicum Linn belongs to Boraginaceae, is an annual herb commonly known as Indian Heliotrope. H.indicum is native to Asia, Tamil Nadu and is widely used in traditional medicine. In Kancheepuram district of Tamilnadu, India, tribal communities used this plant to treat skin infections, poisonous animal bites, Stomach related problems and nervous diseases. Phytochemical report on H.indicum revealed the presence of alkaloids, triterpenes, sterols, amines and volatile oils. The plant is reported to possess antibacterial, antitumor, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and diuretic activity. The fresh leaves of Heliotropium indicum were authenticated, collected, shade dried, coarsely powdered and extracted with hydroalcohol (70%). The extract was concentrated and stored in air tight container for further use. The present study was aimed to investigate the Pharmacognostical, Physico-chemical parameters, Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents present in Heliotropium indicum leaf along with phenetics are studied.

Pharmacognostical, preliminary phytochemical probe and Phenetics of Hibiscus vitifolius Linn Leaves.

Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Hibiscus vitifolius also known as tropical rose mallow and grape leaved mallow, belongs to Malvaceae. It is found in India and in United States of America. In India, Hibiscus vitifolius is traditionally used for the treatment of jaundice, diabetics, inflammation, urease activity. The literature look over revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavones, gossypin, carotenoids, atropine, promethazine, aldose, galactose, bioflavonoids, morphine and pentahydroxy glycosyl flavones. The plant exhibited antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, anticancer, diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antiepilepsy effect. The fresh leaves of Hibiscus vitifolius Linn were authenticated, collected, shade dried and coarsely powdered, was extracted with hydroalcohol (70%). The extract was concentrated and stored in air tight container for further use. The aim of the present research study was to carry with pharmacognostical, physico chemical parameters and qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents present in Hibiscus vitifolius leaf, along with phenetics are also studied.

Fluoroquinolone as anticancer agents: An overview

G. Tamilarasi, G. Umarani, P. Keerthana, I. Selvamatha, R. Thirupathi — Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are the most kind of antibacterial agents. Fluoroquinolones one of the type of antibacterial agents extensively used from the past few years and will be continued to be used in the next decade. Fluoroquinolones exerting the antibacterial activity through binding to type 2 bacterial topoisomerase enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase 4 are mainstays in chemotherapy. Antibacterial agents are chemical agents which is used to treat the infection by bacterial, viral, fungal and microorganism infection. This review aims to highlight the classification, structural activity relationship and recent update for fluoroquinolone as anticancer and antibacterial activity.

Development And In Vitro Evaluation Of Gastroprotective Floating Matrix Tablets Of Cisapride

Sana Sultana, Ch. Sunitha, L. Harikiran — Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In the present research work gastro retentive floating matrix formulation of Cisaprideby using various polymers were developed. Initially analytical method development was done for the drug molecule. Absorption maxima was determined based on that calibration curve was developed by using different concentrations. Gas generating agent sodium bicarbonate concentration was optimised. Then the formulation was developed by using different concentrations of polymers Amla extract, Ginger extract, Fenugreek extract, Isapgol husk as polymeric substances. The formulation blend was subjected to various preformualation studies, flow properties and all the formulations were found to be good indicating that the powder blend has good flow properties. Among all the formulations the formulations Amla extract as polymer were retarded the drug release more than12 hours (F3=98.73%). whereas in low concentrations the polymer was unable to produce the desired action. The optimised formulation dissolution data was subjected to release kinetics, from the release kinetics data it was evident that the formulation followed peppas release kinetics mechanism of drug release.

Formulation Development And Invitro Evaluation Of Quetiapine Fumarate Controlled Release Matrix Tablets

A. Santhoshi, V. Lavanya, K. Hariprasad — Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present investigation concerns the development of controlled release matrix tablet of Quetiapine Fumarate. Matrix tablet of Quetiapine Fumarate was formulated by using Eudragit S 100 and HPMC grades as a polymeric matrix forming materials in various concentrations to study their ability to retard the release. All the formulations showed good flow properties such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density. The prepared tablets were shown good post compression parameters and they passed all the quality control evaluation parameters as per I.P limits. Among all the formulations F5 formulation showed maximum % drug release i.e., 98.73 % in 24 hours hence it is considered as optimized formulation F5 which contains HPMC K4 M. It followed Zero order release mechanism.

Formulation and evaluation of mesalamine tablets for Colon drug delivery systems

Asiya Begum, J. Ramesh — Mon, 04 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Objective of the current study is to develop colon targeted drug delivery systems for Mesalamine. Eudragit S-100 and Ethyl cellulose is used as polymers in this drug delivery system. The colon targeted tablet was prepared by direct compression technique. Study of the preformulation characteristics and FTIR studies indicates that there was no interaction between Mesalamine and excipients used. The formulated tablets were tested for both pre-compression parameters and post compression parameters as per requirements of standards. Pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and compressibility index. The results obtained indicate that it has good flow property for direct compression. From among the entire batches, formulation F4 showed 98.90% drug release at 24 hrs. Since it provide greater protection to the core under acidic condition while at the same time show the fastest drug release under intestinal pH. So the trial F4 was considered as best formulation.

Bio-Remediation: Water Purification Through Herbs And Microbes

Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Water is vital for all living organisms, comprising approximately 60% of the human body. Water quality is influenced by physical, chemical, biological, and aesthetic factors, with pollution arising from both point and non-point sources, leading to the presence of harmful contaminants. This qualitative review examines the role of various plants and microbial sources in the purification of contaminated water, focusing on their ability to remove heavy metals and pollutants. This integration of natural methods presents a promising approach to improving water quality in both rural and urban areas, contributing to better health outcomes and environmental sustainability. About twenty-five plants are used for the removal of contaminants, five plants for clearance of turbidity, twenty four microbial species for removal of heavy metals.

Formulation and evaluation of baclofen nanogel by using synthetic polymer

S. Sangeetha, Venkatesh. S, S. Chandra, N. Senthil Kumar — Thu, 14 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nanogels, highly cross-linked nano-sized hydrogel systems, offer significant potential as drug delivery vehicles due to their unique properties such as high water content, biocompatibility, and the ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of Baclofen nanogel using synthetic polymers. The nanogels were prepared via the emulsion solvent diffusion method, incorporating Baclofen hydrochloride with Eudragit S-100 and Carbopol-940. The formulations were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation (F9) demonstrated a mean particle size of 449 nm and a zeta potential of 13.3 mV, indicating good stability. The pH of the formulations ranged between 6.40 to 6.94, suitable for topical application. Drug content analysis showed formulation F9 had the highest drug content at 87.06%. In vitro release studies using Franz Diffusion Cell revealed that formulation F9 had the highest cumulative drug release of 83.62% over 24 hours, following zero-order release kinetics. The study concluded that Baclofen nanogel, prepared using synthetic polymers, is effective for transdermal drug delivery, offering sustained release and enhanced bioavailability. The nanogel formulation provides a promising approach for treating muscle spasms and related conditions, reducing the frequency of administration and potential side effects.

A Review on Pharmacological Activity and Traditional Medicine of Commelina benghalensis Linn

Thenmozhi N, W. Clement Atlee, P. Amutha — Thu, 14 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Now a day’s herbal medicines are taking the leading positions in the health care systems. Commelina benghalensis Linn. belongs to Commelinaceae family is an annual herbaceous weed commonly known as Bengal Dayflower. Commelina benghalensis is used in Indian medicine to cure a variety of conditions, including headache, constipation, leprosy, fever, snake bite, jaundice, mouth thrush, insanity, epilepsy, and psychosis sickness, depressive, emollient, demulcent, and anti-inflammatory medication. Overall, many investigations have been done on pharmacological active phytoconstituents of this plant. Still, many Pharmacological activity of this medicinal weed still need to be carrying out. This review article provides brief review & pharmacological activities of Commelina benghalensis.

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles: A Review

A. Helen Sonia, Menaka Sundaram, V. Shankarananth, R. Kamalraj — Thu, 14 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nanoparticles have unique properties due to their small size and large surface area, leading to various applications in medicine, electronics, and environmental science. Traditional synthesis methods often involve harmful chemicals and high energy requirements. Green synthesis offers a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative. Metal nanoparticles are categorized based on size, shape, and properties, with gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles. Plant extracts rich in biomolecules like polyphenols and flavonoids act as reducing agents for gold ions, resulting in varying properties and potential applications. This review provides an overview of green synthesis of various metal nanoparticles.

Unrevealing the Concept of Diabetes, Introduction, Types of Diabetes, Treatment, Pharmacokinetics, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Conclusion

Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-lasting metabolic non-communicable disease often characterized by an increase level of glucose in the blood or hyperglycemia. Approximately, 415 million people between the ages of 20 and 79 years had DM in 2015 and this figure will rise by 200 million by 2040. In a study conducted by CARRS, it’s been found that in Delhi the prevalence of diabetes is around 27% and for prediabetic cases, it is more than 46%. The disease DM can be both short-term and long-term and is often associated with one or more diseases like cardiovascular disease, liver disorder, or kidney malfunction. Early identification of diabetes may help avoid catastrophic repercussions because untreated DM can result in serious complications. Diabetes’ primary symptoms are persistently high blood glucose levels, frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Therefore, DM is classified into four major categories, namely, Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes, and secondary diabetes. There are various oral and injectable formulations available in the market like insulin, biguanides, sulphonylureas, etc. for the treatment of DM. Recent attention can be given to the various nana approaches undertaken for the treatment, diagnosis, and management of diabetes mellitus. Various nanoparticles like Gold Nanoparticles, carbon nonmaterials, and metallic nanoparticles are some of the approaches mentioned in this review. Besides nanotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI) has also found its application in diabetes care self-management tools. Early detection and diagnosis of diabetes also help the patient avoid expensive treatments later in their life with the help and machine learning models. These tools will help healthcare physicians to predict the disease early. Therefore, the Nano drug delivery system along with AI tools holds a very bright future in diabetes care.

Pharmacognostical, Preliminary Phytochemical Probe and Phenetics of Carissa carandas (L.) Leaves

Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aims to conduct a pharmacognostical evaluation of Carissa carandas leaves to establish a standard for its identification and medicinal use. Carissa carandas, a member of the Apocynaceae family, is traditionally used to treat ailments such as diarrhea, fever, and skin disorders. The study involved the collection and authentication of fresh leaves, followed by organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic evaluations. Powder microscopy and physicochemical parameters, including ash values and extractive contents, were also determined. Fluorescence analysis was performed under visible and UV light. The leaf exhibited key diagnostic features such as anisocytic stomata, reticulate venation, and the presence of starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. Additionally, phenetic analysis compared C. carandas with related species to explore genetic diversity. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, supporting the plant's medicinal potential. These findings provide a comprehensive reference for the identification and quality control of Carissa carandas in herbal medicine.

To control the para-Hydroxybenzoic Acid during the synthesis of Sodium Methyl Paraben Preservative

Chirag Dhamsania, Sanghadiya Divyang G — Sat, 23 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Sodium Methyl Paraben (SMP) is the sodium salt of Methyl Paraben. Para-Hydroxybenzoic acid is most common Degradation impurity of Sodium Methyl Paraben. There are several mechanisms involves the formation of Para-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (PHBA) as an impurity during Sodium Methyl Paraben (SMP) synthesis. Mainly Parent paraben readily undergo base-catalyzed hydrolysis of the ester bond, forming PHBA. Solvent may affect the formation of PHBA, mainly the role of Methanol.

A Review on Dissolution Method Development and Validation

Sat, 23 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Dissolution testing is an essential part of the pharmaceutical quality assurance process, measuring the rate and extent to which the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is released from its dosage form in vitro. It is a key determinant of drug bioavailability and, by extension, therapeutic efficacy. With its pivotal role in drug development, dissolution testing requires precise development and validation of methods to ensure consistency, reliability, and compliance with regulatory standards. This review explores the fundamental elements of dissolution method development, including the selection of dissolution medium, apparatus choice, and design parameters that influence dissolution outcomes. Additionally, the review addresses validation protocols necessary to confirm specificity, accuracy, precision, and robustness, as per guidelines from the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). Further, advancements in automation are discussed, demonstrating how modern technologies enhance efficiency, reproducibility, and regulatory compliance. By synthesizing current practices and standards, this review serves as a guide for researchers and professionals engaged in the development and validation of dissolution methods, outlining best practices, key challenges, and future directions.

Synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel 3-[(2-substituted-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[b]thieno [2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-YL)amino]propan-1-OL]

Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The chemistry of pyrimidines and its derivatives has been studied for over a century due to their diverse biological activities. They possess Anticancer Activity. The conventional method of preparation of 3-[(2-substituted-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[b]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]propan-1-olwas compared with microwave assisted method with respect to their reaction time and yield. All the compounds synthesized were characterized by physical (Rf values, M.P., Molecular weight, molecular formula), spectral data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, MASS).The title compounds were screened for anticancer activity by MTT assay and analyzed statistically. Compounds showed considerable anticancer activity when compared with cyclophosphamide.

Simultaneous estimation of new analytical method development and validation of atazanavir and cobicistat by high performance liquid chromatography

Alapati Surekha , Dr.B. Sudhakar, K. Chaitanya Prasad, N. Shravya, R. Madhulika — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A simple, specific, precise, and efficient method for the Simultaneous estimation of Cobicistat and Atazanavir in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms by a Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method is developed and validated. Selected mobile phase were in a combination of ACN, Methanol and Phosphate buffer pH4.6 (10:25:65 v/v). Optimized column is a Develosil C18 (4.6mm×250mm) 5µm particle size and at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min with detection wavelength at 238nm for Cobicistat and Atazanavir. In our study, the validation of analytical method for determination of Cobicistat and Atazanavir in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms was performed in accordance the parameters including-system suitability, specificity, linearity of response, accuracy, precision (reproducibility & repeatability), robustness (change of wave length±2 nm). The method is validated according to ICH guidelines. The results obtained by RP-HPLC methods are rapid, accurate and precise. Therefore proposed method can be used for routine analysis of Cobicistat and Atazanavir in the pure form as well as in combined pharmaceutical dosage form.

Formulation and evaluation of transfersomal transdermal patch of hydrochlorothiazide

Adula Swathi, Dr.Y. Sirisha, Dr.K. Nagasree — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of present investigation has been focused on formulation and characterization of Hydrochlorothiazide loaded transfersomal transdermal patch as an alternative delivery method for localized drug action to the targeted site. Hydrochlorothiazide was encapsulated into transfersome vesicle using different edge activators and characterized for particle size, vesicle morphology by scanning electron microscopy, entrapment efficiency and drug release. Later, the optimized F4 transfersome formulations were selected for patch preparation by solvent casting method. Transfersomal vesicles were found to be nanometric range [below 400 nm] with spherical structure. F4 formulation showed maximum drug release of 97.25 % and entrapment efficiency of 96.75 %. Based on the in vitro permeation studies, Hydrochlorothiazide loaded transfersomal patch was found to have greater drug permeation of Hydrochlorothiazide. The results obtained revealed that Hydrochlorothiazide in all the formulations was successfully entrapped with good uniformity and followed Peppas release kinetics model. This research work suggested that Hydrochlorothiazide loaded transfersomal transdermal patch can be a novel alternative approach to oral therapy in the treatment of high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid buildup

A new rp-hplc method for the simultaneous estimation of levodopa, benserazidein it’s pure and pharmaceutical dosage form as per ich guidelines

Gubbala Haritha, Dr.T.K.V. Kesava Rao, Mrs. Buddha Sravana Sree — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A simple, specific, precise, and efficient method for the Simultaneous estimation of Sulbactam and Durlobactam in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms by a Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography method is developed and validated. Selected mobile phase were in a combination of Acetonitrile and Acetate buffer (pH-4.3) (35:65% v/v). Optimized column is a Develosil C18 (4.6mm×250mm) 5µm particle size and at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min with detection wavelength at 238nm for Sulbactam and Durlobactam. In our study, the validation of analytical method for determination of Sulbactam and Durlobactam in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms was performed in accordance the parameters including-system suitability, specificity, linearity of response, accuracy, precision (reproducibility & repeatability), robustness (change of wave length±2 nm). The method is validated according to ICH guidelines. In RP-HPLC method, the calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range of 10-30μg/ml for Sulbactam and 30-90μg/ml for Durlobactam with percentage recoveries are within the limits. The results obtained by RP-HPLC methods are rapid, accurate and precise. Therefore, proposed method can be used for routine analysis of Sulbactam and Durlobactam in the pure form as well as in combined pharmaceutical dosage form.

Analytical method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of nivolumab and relatlimab in its bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Kaliboyina Ram Prasad, Dr.T.K.V. Kesava Rao, Mr. Adapa Venkateswara Rao — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Relatlimab and Nivolumab, in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on X bridge C18 (4.6×150mm) 5µcolumn using a mixture of Methanol: Phosphate Buffer pH3 (60:40v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 260nm. The retention time of the Relatlimab and Nivolumab was 2.6, 3.8±0.02min respectively. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 5-25µg/ml of Relatlimab and 20-100µg/ml of Nivolumab respectively. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Design of Experimental approach for the quantification of Levocetirizine dihydrochloride dissolution in Tablets formulation using RL HPLC method

Dayakar Raju, A. Shailaja, Mohammad Omar — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The development of an analytical technique for the determination of drug by RP-HPLC. A simple, sensitive and reproducible method was established and validated for the concurrent estimation of Levocetirizine in its tablet preparation by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The mobile phase containing phosphate buffer (pH 4.0 with ortho phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile in the proportion 65:35 v/v was selected because it was found to give a peak for Levocetirizine with minimum tailing. With the mentioned composition of mobile phase, sharp peak was achieved with reasonable short run time of 4.552 min. The criteria employed for assessing the suitability of above said solvent system were cost, time required for analysis, solvent noise, preparatory steps involved in the use of same solvent system for the extraction of the drug from formulation excipient matrix for the estimation of drug content. Hence this method can be applied for quantification of different formulations containing Levocetirizine simultaneously.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF EXTENDED RELEASE OSELTAMIVIR CAPSULES 75 MG

Chandri Rahul Reddy, Mohammad Omar — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The current research work predicts the applicability of QbD in manufacturing Oseltamivir Capsules 75 mg ER Capsules by using rate delaying polymers. From the outcomes it was clearly apparent that as the polymer concentration increases, there was a decline in the release of drug. Grouping of polymers with other excipients do not interact with drug and vice versa, which information to sustained delivery of drug for longer periods. The enhanced formulation from factorial design can be used as a single dose per day in the organization of HIV/AIDS.Wet granulation procedure was the chosen technology for the preparation of Oseltamivir phosphate capsule. Based on the preliminary studies, different formulation trials (F1-F7) were carried out with different concentrations of disintegrants, diluents. From the various formulations it was decided that the formulation batch of F7 was finalized as the optimized formula. Formulation F7 showed satisfactory results with various physicochemical evaluation parameters like Disintegration time, Dissolution profile, Assay when matched with that of the marketed product. The stability studies at all condition, indicates that the formulated capsules were found to be stable. Hence, it is finally concluded that, Oseltamivir phosphate capsules are pharmaceutically comparable, low cost, quality improved and stable formulation.

Formulation and Evaluation of Praziquantel Tablets (600 Mg)

Basupally Aravind Reddy, Mohammad Omar — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of this study is to develop immediate release praziquantel tablets with the use of sodium Lauryl sulphate as it's main function as a solubility enhancer and croscarmellose sodium as a super disintegrants. Formulation is carried out by wet granulation procedure and followed with post evaluation studies which include, Weight variation test, Hardness test, friability test, disintegration test and dissolution test.The relative dissolution study was performed in diverse media, with and without the utilization of the surfactant. The summary results show that the test product (Praziquantel tablets 600mg) is comparable to reference product(Biltricide tablets 600mg), Since the F1 and F2 values are found to be within limits. All the physical and chemical parameters are found competent and lined -up to the quality target product profile.

DESIGN CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR NEVIRAPINE ASSAY BY HPLC METHOD USING ISOCRATIC ELUTION

Ailapuram Srilekha, Anjali B, Mohammad Omar — Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Design chromatographic method for Nevirapine assay by HPLC method using isocratic elution. Scope of the study is to designed Isocratic chromatographic method for Nevirapine assay by HPLC method and validate assay parameter by linearity, Precision, accuracy and solution stability parameter by HPLC method The aim of present work is to develop simple, economic, precise and cost-effective HPLC method for determination of Nevirapine, an anti-retro viral drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form Nevirapine has official monograph in IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia 2018), which describes liquid chromatographic method for the assay of Nevirapine.

Mini Review Article: Advanced Techniques in Impurity Profiling and Analysis of Pharmaceuticals

Tue, 19 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Rigorous impurity profiling is crucial to maintaining the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals, as even trace levels of impurities can impact drug quality. This review explores the systematic classification, identification, and quantification of impurities in drug substances. It emphasizes the use of advanced analytical methodologies, including both UV-based multicomponent analysis and cutting-edge techniques for identifying elemental and non-elemental impurities. Notably, sophisticated instrumentation such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GD-MS), and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) are employed to accurately measure impurities at ultra-trace levels. The necessity of stringent impurity testing is highlighted by recent case studies involving drug recalls, including the withdrawal of valsartan and the recall of metformin due to the detection of carcinogenic impurities. Such incidents highlight the potential risks of inadequate impurity monitoring. This review aims to provide a holistic perspective on impurity profiling by integrating various analytical methodologies, ensuring a more thorough and reliable approach to pharmaceutical quality control. By uniting these advanced techniques, the review outlines a proactive framework that supports regulatory compliance and fosters drug safety, ultimately enhancing public health outcomes.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae)

Ponmadasamy M, Reshma D, Parkavi M, Hemalatha G, Tamilarasi G — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of leaves of Tribulus terrestris. The aim of the study is to assess the antimicrobial activity and to determine the zone of inhibition of extracts on some bacterial and fungal strains. In the present study, the bacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves of Tribulus terrestris. The extracts was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined in the extracts using agar disc diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of Tribulus terrestris extracts (100, 200 µg/ml) were evaluated against two human pathogenic bacteria strains: one fungal strain, Candida albicans and one Gram-positive, Streptococcus pyogenes and one Gram-negative, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The extracts' zones of inhibition were compared to those of other standards, such as the antibacterial activity of amikacin and the antifungal activity of ketoconazole. The outcomes demonstrated a striking reduction of bacterial growth when seen against the species under test. The plants' phytochemical analyses were completed. Tribulus terrestris exhibites microbial activity as a result of the existence of several secondary metabolites. Therefore, it is possible to find bioactive natural compounds from these plants that could lead to the establishment of new pharmaceutical research initiatives.

A review on analytical method development and validation of Ziprasidone HCL by UV spectroscopy in bulk and marketed formulation

M. Sangeetha, A. Swarna Mahalakshmi, T. Rama Rao — Sat, 07 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the development and validation of a UV-Spectroscopic method for the quantification of Ziprasidone Hydrochloride (HCl) in both bulk and marketed formulations. Ziprasidone HCl, an atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, requires precise analytical methods for its quantification due to its clinical importance. The study emphasizes the methodological aspects, including the selection of solvents, determination of the maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax), and the preparation of standard solutions. The validation process covers key parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity. The method's specificity is confirmed by the lack of interference from common excipients. This UV spectroscopic method is concluded to be simple, reliable, cost-effective, and suitable for routine quality control analysis of Ziprasidone HCl in pharmaceutical preparations. The article also includes a review of the latest literature on analytical methods for Ziprasidone HCl, highlighting recent advancements and comparisons with other techniques such as HPLC.

Integrative Cladistic, Morphological Traits, and Anatomical Profiling of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. Leaves: A Comprehensive Study

Sethuramani A, Saranya S, Ajith P, Chandrasamy M — Sat, 07 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the pharmacognostic characteristics of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves, encompassing macro and microscopic examinations, quantitative microscopy, and physicochemical analyses. Fresh and dried leaves were subjected to macroscopic evaluation to document their morphological features. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of various cellular structures, including stomata, trichomes, and vascular bundles, which were examined in detail. Quantitative microscopy provided stomatal density, and other pertinent parameters, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the leaf’s anatomical traits. Additionally, physicochemical studies assessed parameters such as moisture content, ash value, extractive value, and flow properties of leaf powder ensuring a thorough characterization of the leaf material. The findings underscore the significance of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves in traditional medicine and their potential as a source of bioactive compounds, paving the way for further pharmacological research.