Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Toothpaste Containing Bioactive Ingredient Derived From Ocimum Basilicum Leaf Extract

Abstract

Background: The increasing concern over the adverse effects of synthetic ingredients in conventional dentifrices has led to a growing demand for herbal alternatives that are safer, biocompatible, and environmentally sustainable. Ocimum basilicum (basil) is a medicinal plant known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it promising for oral care formulations aimed at preventing dental plaque and oral infections. Objectives: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a herbal toothpaste containing bioactive constituents derived from Ocimum basilicum leaf extract and to assess its physicochemical properties and antimicrobial efficacy against selected oral pathogens. Methods: The leaves of Ocimum basilicum were dried, pulverized, and extracted using ethanol via Soxhlet extraction. The extract was incorporated into toothpaste formulations at different concentrations (0.5 g and 1.5 g) alongside standard excipients such as calcium carbonate, sodium lauryl sulphate, glycerol, sodium fluoride, and carboxymethylcellulose. The formulated toothpaste was evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spread ability, and foamability. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was also determined. Results: The formulated toothpaste exhibited acceptable organoleptic properties, including a leafy green colour, pleasant odour, and smooth consistency. The pH was 9.5, indicating suitability for maintaining oral alkalinity. Viscosity (6180 cP) and spread ability (2.2 cm) demonstrated appropriate consistency and ease of application. The toothpaste showed good foam ability and mild abrasiveness. Antimicrobial studies revealed that the formulation containing 1.5 g extract exhibited broader activity, with zones of inhibition up to 8.5 mm against Candida albicans, and measurable activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. MIC values indicated sensitivity of E. coli and P. aeruginosa at low concentrations. Conclusion: The herbal toothpaste demonstrated satisfactory physicochemical properties and notable antimicrobial activity, supporting its potential as a safe and effective natural alternative to conventional dentifrices