Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System

Abstract

The traditional administration of therapeutic compounds is frequently hindered by poor solubility, rapid systemic clearance, and non-specific biodistribution, leading to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and significant off-target toxicities. This project explores the transition from conventional dosage forms to Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) as a transformative solution to these pharmacological challenges. By engineering carriers at the 1–1000 nm scale—including Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs), polymeric nanospheres, and inorganic matrices—it is possible to protect sensitive "cargo" from enzymatic degradation while enhancing the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. This study examines the core mechanisms of passive targeting via the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect and active targeting through surface functionalization with specific ligands. Key strategies such as PEGylation are discussed as a means to evade the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) and extend biological half-life. While challenges regarding long-term nanotoxicity and manufacturing scalability remain, the integration of nanotechnology into drug delivery facilitates a shift toward personalized, stimuli-responsive medicine. Ultimately, this report concludes that nanoparticle-based systems represent a vital milestone in modern pharmaceutics, offering a high-precision platform for treating complex diseases with improved safety and efficacy.