Pharmacognostical, Preliminary Phytochemical Probe and Phenetics of Carissa carandas (L.) Leaves

Abstract

 The present study aims to conduct a pharmacognostical evaluation of Carissa carandas leaves to establish a standard for its identification and medicinal use. Carissa carandas, a member of the Apocynaceae family, is traditionally used to treat ailments such as diarrhea, fever, and skin disorders. The study involved the collection and authentication of fresh leaves, followed by organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic evaluations. Powder microscopy and physicochemical parameters, including ash values and extractive contents, were also determined. Fluorescence analysis was performed under visible and UV light. The leaf exhibited key diagnostic features such as anisocytic stomata, reticulate venation, and the presence of starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. Additionally, phenetic analysis compared C. carandas with related species to explore genetic diversity. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, supporting the plant's medicinal potential. These findings provide a comprehensive reference for the identification and quality control of Carissa carandas in herbal medicine.