Kidney Stone Disease in the Modern Era: From Ancient Origins to Precision Medicine

Abstract

Urolithiasis, a disorder characterised by the development of stones in the urinary tract, is still a major global health concern and is becoming more common, especially in developed countries and areas known as the "stone belt."  The historical development, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic developments, therapeutic approaches, side effects, and preventative measures associated with urolithiasis are all thoroughly examined in this review.  The majority of calcium oxalate and phosphate stones are caused by a complex etiology that includes genetic predispositions, anatomical abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and dietary practices. In order to improve diagnosis and treatment planning, diagnostic techniques have advanced from traditional radiography to high-resolution modalities, including dual-energy CT and non-contrast CT. The three main components of preventive strategies are metabolic evaluation, medication intervention, and lifestyle change. Artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, gene editing, and phytotherapy are the main areas of current research. Through their bioactive phytoconstituents, traditional medicinal plants, including Bergenia ligulata and Phyllanthus niruri, have shown their potential in antilithiatic action. In addition to highlighting potential future avenues for better care and prevention of recurrent stone disease, this study emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach.