Review on Pharmacognostical phytochemical and pharmacogenetic activity of Heliotropium Species

Abstract

Heliotropium species, belonging to the Boraginaceae family, comprise a diverse group of medicinal plants widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Traditionally, various species have been used for treating wounds, inflammation, respiratory ailments, and skin infections. Pharmacognostical studies reveal distinct morphological and anatomical features useful for species identification and authentication. Phytochemical investigations have identified the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and notably, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These compounds contribute to demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities in preliminary pharmacological studies. However, the widespread presence of hepatotoxic PAs poses serious safety concerns. Pharmacogenetic research highlights the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in bioactivating these alkaloids, emphasizing individual variability in susceptibility to toxicity. This dual nature of therapeutic potential and toxic risk necessitates caution in medicinal use and calls for deeper exploration into isolating safe bioactive compounds. This review consolidates current knowledge on the pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacogenetic aspects of Heliotropium species, and underscores the need for further research focused on safety, efficacy, and potential pharmaceutical applications.